DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN AUTOMATIC OUTDOOR LIGHTING SYSTEM USING LDR
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TITLE PAGE
BY
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--/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---
DECEMBER,2018
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work, "design and construction of an automatic outdoor lighting system using ldr" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
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Supervisor Head of Department.
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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
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An outdoor lighting is any electrical lighting that is fixed outside house for the illumination of such environment or a street light is a raised source of light on the edge of a road or walkway, which is turned on or lit at a certain time every night.
An automatic outdoor lighting system using LDR will automatically turn on outdoor light in the way of LEDs or bulb coupled with relay. This system employed the output from an uncomplicated light/dark activated circuit and obliges a relay in its output which can be further attached to switch ON/OFF a street light and electrical application in a household also.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
1.5 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
1.6 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
1.7 APPLICATION OF OUTDOOR LIGHTING
1.8 ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT
1.9 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
1.10 METHODOLOGY
1.11 PROJECT ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 HISTORITICAL BACKGROUND OF LIGHTENING
2.2 REVIEW AND DESCRIPTION OF LED OUTDOOR LIGHT
2.3 ADVANTAGES OF LED OUTDOOR LIGHTS
2.4 DISADVANTAGES OF LED OUTDOOR LIGHTS
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 CONSTRUCTION
3.1 SYSTEM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3.2 SYSTEM OPERATION
3.3 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
3.4 SYSTEM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3.5 CIRCUIT OPERATION
3.6 IMPORTANCE AND FUNCTION OF THE MAJOR COMPONENTS USED IN THIS CIRCUIT
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT ANALYSIS
4.0 TESTING AND RESULT
4.1 TESTING
4.1.1 PRE-IMPLEMENTATION TESTING
4.1.2 POST-IMPLEMENTATION TESTING
4.3 RESULT
4.4 COST ANALYSIS
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION
5.1 RECOMMENDATION
5.2 REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The idea behind the design of this system is to make available the require illumination in our roads for nighttime events, security, and beautification. This goes a long way in helping to curb the problem frequently encountered as a result of darkness during nighttime such as thieves, arm robbers operations or wide animals approaching our homes during night hours [4].
An outdoor lighting system is any electrical lighting that is fixed outside house for the illumination of such environment. An automatic outdoor lighting system could be a house security light or a street light [3].
Many of the people have a phobia of darkness, so to assist them in such situation, we have explained a simple circuit. It will automatically turn on street light in the way of LEDs or bulb coupled with relay. This system employed the output from an uncomplicated light/dark activated circuit and oblige a relay in its output which can be further attached to switch ON/OFF a street light and electrical application in a household also [4].
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Lack of natural light during nighttime in the urban environment was always a problem due to natural law – light in the day and darkness at night. From basic inconvenience that people cannot see where they are going to the greater chance of being attacked or mugged during the night. This automatic outdoor lighting system using LDR came to bring solution to this problem, street light electrifies our environment for easy and clear access and also add beauty to it. This device replaces the street light switching, it solve the problem that is involve in moving about locking for a switch. It also solves the problem of inaccurate switching of the streetlight in dark time and morning.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main aim of this work is to build an outdoor light controller that comes ON during sunset and OFF during sunrise using light dependent resistor (LDR) as the sensor. The objectives of the work are:
- To build an automatic outdoor lighting system using LDR model
- To save energy
- To remove human labour
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Major significance of an automatic outdoor lighting system using LDR includes: prevention of accidents and increase in safety. Studies have shown that darkness results in a large number of crashes and fatalities, especially those involving pedestrians; pedestrian fatalities are 3 to 6.75 times more likely in the dark than in daylight. Street lighting has been found to reduce pedestrian crashes by approximately 50% [2][3].
Furthermore, lighted intersections and highway interchanges tend to have fewer crashes than unlighted intersections and interchanges.
Towns, cities, and villages use the unique locations provided by lampposts to hang decorative or commemorative banners.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of this system covers building an automatic outdoor lighting system using LDR that comes ON during sunset and OFF during sunrise, and this action is controlled by light dependent resistor. This device was built around LDR as the light and dark sensor, LM 555 timer, Diode, BC 547, Relay, Voltage regulator, Bulbs, Resistors and other electronics components .
1.6 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
- By using this Automatic system for street light controlling, we can reduce energy consumption because the manually operated street lights are not switched off properly even the sunlight comes and also not switched on earlier before sunset.
- In sunny and rainy days, ON and OFF time differ noticeably which is one of the major disadvantage of using timer circuits or manual operation for switching the street light system.
1.7 APPLICATION OF OUTDOOR LIGHTING
There are four distinct main uses of street lights, each requiring different types of lights and placement. Misuse of the different types of lights can make the situation worse by compromising visibility or safety [7][8].
Beacon lights
A modest steady light at the intersection of two roads is an aid to navigation because it helps a driver see the location of a side road as they come closer to it and they can adjust their braking and know exactly where to turn if they intend to leave the main road or see vehicles or pedestrians. A beacon light's function is to say "here I am" and even a dim light provides enough contrast against the dark night to serve the purpose. To prevent the dangers caused by a car driving through a pool of light, a beacon light must never shine onto the main road, and not brightly onto the side road. In residential areas, this is usually the only appropriate lighting, and it has the bonus side effect of providing spill lighting onto any sidewalk there for the benefit of pedestrians. On Interstate highways this purpose is commonly served by placing reflectors at the sides of the road.
Roadway lights
Conventional streetlights are used instead of high mast lighting near airport runway approaches due to the negative effects they cause.
Street light are not normally intended to illuminate the driving route (headlights are preferred), but to reveal signs and hazards outside of the headlights' beam. Because of the dangers discussed above, roadway lights are properly used sparingly and only when a particular situation justifies increasing the risk. This usually involves an intersection with several turning movements and much signage, situations where drivers must take in much information quickly that is not in the headlights' beam [7][8]. In these situations (A freeway junction or exit ramp) the intersection may be lit so that drivers can quickly see all hazards, and a well designed plan will have gradually increasing lighting for approximately a quarter of a minute before the intersection and gradually decreasing lighting after it. The main stretches of highways remain unlighted to preserve the driver's night vision and increase the visibility of oncoming headlights. If there is a sharp curve where headlights will not illuminate the road, a light on the outside of the curve is often justified.
If it is desired to light a roadway (perhaps due to heavy and fast multi-lane traffic), to avoid the dangers of casual placement of street lights it should not be lit intermittently, as this requires repeated eye readjustment which implies eyestrain and temporary blindness when entering and leaving light pools. In this case the system is designed to eliminate the need for headlights. This is usually achieved with bright lights placed on high poles at close regular intervals so that there is consistent light along the route. The lighting goes from curb to curb [6].
Street light control systems
A number of street light control systems have been developed to control and reduce energy consumption of a town's public lighting system. These range from controlling a circuit of street lights and/or individual lights with specific ballasts and network operating protocols. These may include sending and receiving instructions via separate data networks at high frequency over the top of the low voltage supply or wireless [7].
Image-based street light control
A number of companies are now manufacturing Intelligent street lighting that adjust light output based on usage and occupancy, i.e. automating classification of pedestrian versus cyclist, versus automotive, sensing also velocity of movement and illuminating a certain number of streetlights ahead and fewer behind, depending on velocity of movement. Also the lights adjust depending on road conditions, for example, snow produces more reflectance therefore reduced light is required.
Military use
From a military standpoint, lighting is a critical part of the battlefield conditions. Shadows are good places to hide, while bright areas are more exposed. It is often beneficial to fight with the Sun or other light source behind you, giving your enemy disturbing visual glare and partially hiding your own movements in backlight. If natural light is not present searchlights and flares can be used. However the use of light may disclose your own hidden position and modern warfare have seen increased use of night vision through the use of infrared cameras and image intensifiers [5][7].
Flares can also be used by the military to mark positions, usually for targeting, but laser-guided and GPS weapons have eliminated this need for the most part [4][5].
1.8 ADVANTAGES OF STREET LIGHTING
Major advantages of street lighting includes: prevention of accidents and increase in safety. Studies have shown that darkness results in a large number of crashes and fatalities, especially those involving pedestrians; pedestrian fatalities are 3 to 6.75 times more likely in the dark than in daylight. External lighting has been found to reduce pedestrian crashes by approximately 50%.
Furthermore, lighted intersections and highway interchanges tend to have fewer crashes than unlighted intersections and interchanges.
Towns, cities, and villages use the unique locations provided by lampposts to hang decorative or commemorative banners [2][3].
1.9 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
- it is a simple and powerful concept, which uses transistor (BC 547 NPN) as a switch to switch ON and OFF the street light system automatically.
- It automatically switches ON lights when the sunlight goes below the visible region of our eyes. (e.g in evening after Sunset).
- it automatically switches OFF lights when Sunlight fall on it ( i.e on LDR ) e.g in morning, by using a sensor called LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) which senses the light just like our eyes.
1.10 METHODOLOGY
To achieve the aim and objectives of this work, the following are the steps involved:
- Study of the previous work on the project so as to improve it efficiency.
- Draw a block diagram.
- Test for continuity of components and devices,
- Design of the system was carried out.
- Studying of various component used in circuit.
- Construct an automatic outdoor lighting system using LDR.
- Finally, the whole device was cased and final test was carried out.
1.11 PROJECT ORGANISATION
The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuss the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study, chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "design and construction of an automatic outdoor lighting system using ldr" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "design and construction of an automatic outdoor lighting system using ldr" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "design and construction of an automatic outdoor lighting system using ldr" was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "design and construction of an automatic outdoor lighting system using ldr" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "design and construction of an automatic outdoor lighting system using ldr" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "design and construction of an automatic outdoor lighting system using ldr" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "design and construction of an automatic outdoor lighting system using ldr" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of "design and construction of an automatic outdoor lighting system using ldr" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "design and construction of an automatic outdoor lighting system using ldr" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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