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This is to certify that the research work, "design and construction of an automatic railway gate control system using 8051 microcontroller" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.

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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.

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CHAPTER ONE
1.0                                          INTRODUCTION
1.1                                  Background of the study
A level crossing occurs where a railway line is intersected by  a road or  path on one level,  without recourse to a bridge or tunnel. It is a type of at grade intersection. The term also applies when a light rail line with separate right-of-way in reserved track crosses a road in the same fashion. Other names include railway crossing, railroad crossing, road through railroad, train crossing or grade crossing. Early level crossings had a lagman in a nearby booth who would, on the approach of a train, wave a red flag or lantern to stop alralic and clear the tracks. Manual or electrical closable gates that barricaded the roadway were later introduced. The gates were intended to be a complete barrier against instruction of any road traffic onto the railway. In the early days of the railways much road traffic was horse drawn or included livestock. It was thus necessary to provide a real barrier. Thus, crossing gates, when closed to road traffic, crossed the entire width of the road. When opened to allow road users to cross the line, the gates were swung across the width of  the railway, preventing any pedestrians or animals getting onto the line. With the appearance of motor vehicles, this barrier became less effective and the need for a barrier to livestock diminished dramatically. Many countries therefore substituted the gated crossings  with  weaker but  more highly  visible barriers and relied upon road  users  following the associated warning signals to stop.
Automatic Railway Gate Control System controls the automatic opening and closing the railway gate upon detecting arrival or departure of the train.
In general, Railway gates are opened or closed manually by a gate keeper. The information about arrival of train for opening or closing of door is received from nearby station. But some railway crossings are totally unmanned and many railway accidents occur at these unmanned level crossings.
To avoid the human intervention at level crossings completely, we need to automate the process of railway gate control.
We have two different Automatic Railway Gate Control circuits mentioned in this article: using 8051 and AVR.  

1.2                                        Problem statement
Nowadays, the railway gate is operating by manual operation. It is operating in the area that there are railway line junction with the road. The railway gate management has to employ workers to be on duty for control the operation. Due to this, the worker will manually open and close the gate with under supervision. This prototype will introduce the automatic railway gate operation. This system will make improvement towards the manually operation before this. Human supervision will be considered if there are problems occurred while this system was operated. Automatic railway gate control systems have proved to be most suitable solution to such instances. Helping in automatically opening and closing the railway gate upon detecting arrival or departure of the train. This article aims to familiarize you with advantages of automatic railway gate control systems, their implementation in the real world and help you build your own project model.

1.3     Aim and objectives of the study
The main aim of the study is to build a device that will automatically opening and closing the railway gate upon detecting arrival or departure of the train. The objectives of this project are:

• To build the system prototype.
• To develop a prototype of railway gate that function automatically by using microcontroller.
• To develop an interfacing program for the integration part of microcontroller operation.
• To design an automatic railway gate control by using microcontroller.

Furthermore, this project is aimed to replace the gatekeepers with an automatic system. It is develop to apply the structure of interfacing program in between to give a lot of advantages.

1.5    Significance of the study

• Automatic railway gate control systems reduce the time for which gate remains closed.
• This type of gates can be employed in an unmanned level crossing where the chances of accidents is higher and reliable operation is required.
• Automatic operation prevents errors due to manual operation.
• Lastly, no human resource is required. This makes its running cost very low compared to manned gates.

1.6      Scope of the study

This project covered the operation of automatic railway gate control by using 8051microcontroller. The circuits involved such as power supply, IR sensor, light and buzzer, gate motor and LCD display. All of these operations will be combining to demonstrate the operation of microcontroller (8051). The operations of microcontroller works follow the instruction programmed. The combining circuits were constructed on Proteus software to seen whether that circuits was right or not. After that, the hardware part was constructed after all the simulation being done. IR sensor circuit is providing signal to triggered the 8051. The sensed signal wills active the gate motor and LCD display. Alarm and indication light circuit was provided as additional part of this system. Additional elements can be added without affecting the remaining elements. This allows the flexibility of the developed system

1.7    Limitations of the study

• To establish the entire network is quite costly task.
• Energy requirements are high.
• Involves complex network of connections and require skilled workforce to build it in a good manner

1.8      Methodology
This project began with the research of the proposed title. The result of that research is then discussed with the supervisor. Once the title of project was approved, the background of study for this project was explored.
8051 was chosen as a microcontroller. Then, the circuits’ simulation was performed. In the other hand, the instruction programmed also being built for the interfacing part. After all being settled, the construction of hardware part was started after the components were being chosen. In all the steps done there are troubleshooting part to resolve the problems facing.
Between hardware part and instruction programmed built, there are integrated step that allows the 8051 microcontroller to simulate all the operations of the system. After all the part is complete to built, some analysis should being made to show what the solution of the problems occurred. It involving the comparison between the research that had been done before this.

1.9   Project organisation
The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuss the introductory part of the work,   chapter two presents the literature review of the study,  chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.

 

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CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "design and construction of an automatic railway gate control system using 8051 microcontroller" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "design and construction of an automatic railway gate control system using 8051 microcontroller" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.

CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "design and construction of an automatic railway gate control system using 8051 microcontroller" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "design and construction of an automatic railway gate control system using 8051 microcontroller" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work

CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of "design and construction of an automatic railway gate control system using 8051 microcontroller" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "design and construction of an automatic railway gate control system using 8051 microcontroller" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.

 

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