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TITLE PAGE

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN AUTOMATIC THREE PHASE POWER CHANGEOVER CONTROL SYSTEM

BY

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EE/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ---
SCHOOL OF --
INSTITUTE OF ---

DECEMBER,2018

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APPROVAL PAGE

This is to certify that the research work, "design and construction of an automatic three phase power changeover control system" by ---, Reg. No. EE/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a B.Sc on --- has been approved.

By
Dr. ---                                                    Dr. ---
Supervisor                                                  Head of Department.
Signature……………….                           Signature……………….        

……………………………….
 Dr. ---
External Invigilator

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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.

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In this research, a “3-Phase Automatic Power Change Over switch” has been designed and implemented using three voltage Comparators (LM741 AH1883), 3-input-AND gate (4073), two BC 108 transistors and 12V, 30mA relay as well as some biasing resistors. The voltage Comparators (LM741 AH1883) were biased to sense the unregulated voltage - one for each of the three phases (Rø, Yø, Bø) and then couple the analogue outputs to the 3-input-AND gate (4073). The AND gate produces an output of „0‟ (OFF) when all the three phase input voltages are all within the normal (preset) range, else it produces an output of „1‟ (ON) implying a voltage drop or phase failure in at least one of the compared phases. The output of the gate when coupled to the base of switching transistors (BC 108) determines their states (OFF or ON). Since the transistors are configured in a Darlington pair arrangement, the second is ON only when the first is OFF. This then triggers the public power supply ON due to normal phase voltage. On the contrary, when the first transistor is ON, the 12V battery produces a potential which triggers ON the alternative power source (Generator) via the 12V, 30mA relays hence breaking contact from the public power supply to the Generator side. The switch is tested to have function optimally within ±5% nominal voltage of 220 or 415V supply at the point of changing over to an alternative power source. Hence this device can be of Industrial or domestic use where 3-phase  power supply is available with a stand-by power source.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION
• BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
• PROBLEM STATEMENT
• AIM/OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
• PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
• LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
• SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
• APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
• METHODOLOGY
• PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO

2.0      LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1      REVIEW OF ELECTRICAL PHASES
2.2     REVIEW OF THREE-PHASE ELECTRIC POWER
2.3     REVIEW OF THREE PHASE GENERATION AND DISTRIBUTION
2.4    REVIEW OF THREE-PHASE LOADS
2.5      OVERVIEW OF RELEVANT TECHNOLOGY
2.6      REVIEW OF RELATED WORKS EXISTING SYSTEM
2.7      SUMMARY OF REVIEWED WORKS

CHAPTER THREE

3.0      METHODOLOGY

3.1      BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM
3.2      DESIGN EQUATIONS, ANALYSES AND CALCULATIONS
3.3      MATERIAL
3.4      IMPLEMENTATION

CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT ANALYSIS
4.0      CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
4.1      CASING AND PACKAGING
4.2      CASING AND PACKAGING
4.3      DIMENSION OF THE CASING
4.4      ECONOMIC OF THE PROJECT
4.5      PROJECT VIABILITY
4.6      RELIABILITY
4.7      MAINTAINABILITY
4.8      PROJECT EVALUATION
4.9      TESTING, TROUBLESHOOTING AND REMEDY
4.10   RESULTS

CHAPTER FIVE     
5.1      DISCUSSION
5.2      SUMMARY
5.3      CONCLUSION
5.1      RECOMMENDATION
5.2      REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE
1.0                                             INTRODUCTION
1.1                                     BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
Power supply instability in developing countries creates a need for automation of electrical power generation or alternative sources of power to back up the utility supply. This automation becomes necessary as the rate of power outage becomes predominantly high. Most industries and commercial processes are partly dependent on generators and public power supply which is epileptic especially in tropical African countries where Nigeria forms a part. Therefore, if the processes of power change-over between these two power- supplying sources are manual, human error during change-over connections may occur; leading to machine damage, electric shock/electrocution as well as increased down time consequently introducing massive losses [1].
However, if the starting of the generator is automatically done by a relay which switches the battery voltage to ignition coil of the generator while the main power relay switches the load to either public supply or generator, the down time would greatly be reduce thereby maintaining the tempo of production in such industries. A manual change-over switch consists of a manual change over switch box, switch gear box and cut- out fuse or the connector fuse [2].

1.2                                                  PROBLEM STATEMENT
Power failure or outage in a country, state or city is highly detrimental to development in public and private industries. The insecurity associated with constant or frequent power failure or outage brings about limitation to power consistent investments, thus hampering the development of industries and multinational ventures. Processes like carrying out surgical operations in hospitals, laboratories which require constant power supply for research, money transactions  between banks and more require constant use of uninterrupted power. In other to solve this problem, an automatic changeover switch was invented. This research covers the design and construction of a single phase digital automatic power changeover. It has the capacity to automatically switch power from  national grid to generator and vice versa, once there is power failure in any of the two power supplies and at the same time has the capacity of shutting down a generator set once the mains grid is been restored.

1.4                                              PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The main purpose of this work is to provide a means of having uninterruptible power supply in our home, office, workshops or industries.

1.5                            OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The objective of this work is to design a device that will overcome power interruption by automatically switching power from  national grid to generator and vice versa

1.6                                      SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
Industries require three phases power to run their machinery. Some of them require continuous \ uninterrupted power to maintain their data.   
Auto three phase power changeover introduces an automatic solution to overcome power interruption by automatically switching  power from  national grid to generator and vice versa
This automatic change over unit operates in three phase system. The automatic change over switch has the following advantages;
It minimizes damages to lives/equipment since it has its own monitoring system and its switching requires no human contact with the switch, thus eliminating human error. 
It reduces its change over timing to the minimum due to its fast response to power outage.
It maintains high quality of service through its fast and prompt response.
Moreover, the size and captivity of the unit will depend upon the load for which it will be used. The unit is also portable, easy, convenient and safe to install.

1.4                                        LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
In the course of designing this project, different kinds of problem was notice such as:

• Difficulty in troubleshooting with circuit without the circuit diagram
• Difficulty in connecting the output without the three phases short-circuiting, until a multiplexing circuit was gotten.
• Difficult in wiring because of the strong wiring the project required.
• This automatic change over unit operates in three phase system.

1.5                                                SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This work covers only a three phase automatic changeover which can only be used for providing a means of switching from generator to utility supply in the case of failure in the three phase.

1.6                           APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
This device is used in the following places:

• home,
• office,
• worship places
• workshops or industries

1.7                                         METHODOLOGY
To achieve the aim and objectives of this work, the following are the steps involved:

• Study of the previous work on the project so as to improve it efficiency.
• Draw a block diagram.
• Test for continuity of components and devices,
• Design and calculation for the changeover was carried out.
• Studying of various component used in circuit.
• Construct a digital changeover circuit.
• Finally, the whole device was cased and final test was carried out.

1.8                                                         DEFINITION OF TERMS
POWER OUTAGE / POWER FAILURE: A power outage is the loss of the electrical power network supply to an end user.
AUTOMATIC CHANGEOVER is device that automatically transfers power from generator supply to PHCN supply when available and stops the generator without without human intervention

1.8                                                         PROJECT ORGANISATION
The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study,  chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.

 

CHAPTER TWO: The complete chapter two of “design and construction of an automatic three phase power changeover control system” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of “design and construction of an automatic three phase power changeover control system” consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on “design and construction of an automatic three phase power changeover control system"

CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of “design and construction of an automatic three phase power changeover control system” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of “design and construction of an automatic three phase power changeover control system” consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.

CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "design and construction of an automatic three phase power changeover control system” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of “design and construction of an automatic three phase power changeover control system” consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work

CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of design and construction of a “design and construction of an automatic three phase power changeover control system” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of “design and construction of an automatic three phase power changeover control system” consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.

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