Water is an essential resource in the world and currently household drinking water is an important asset to save the life due to shortage of water in the earth. This paper describes the design and construction of an automatic control system for tap water using PIR sensor. This device controls water tap automatically, when you put your hands just below the water tap outlet. The infrared sensor detects the presence of the user hand then ON the water tap automatically and the water starts flowing out of the tap and as soon as the user’s hand is removed the water stops flowing without the intervention of the user. The aim of this work is to control water tap controller automatically.

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

Water supply is the provision of water by public utilities commercial organisations, community endeavors or by individuals, usually via a system of pumps, pipes and taps. Tap water (running water, city water, town water, municipal water, etc.) is water supplied to a tap (valve). Its uses include drinking, washing, cooking, and the flushing of toilets. Indoor tap water is distributed through "indoor plumbing", which has existed since antiquity but was available to very few people.
Many times it happens in restaurants, malls, hotel, and public boreholes, specifically at home that after fetching water we forget to switch off the tap which leads to wastage of water. The circuit described here will automatically switch ON the tap water when you put your hand below the tap outlet and OFF the same after some time. This will lead to less wastage of water.
With automatic taps all of the electronics are housed within the body of the tap. The solenoid valve and power supply are connected to the tap using simple and secure IP65 rated cables and connectors.
When a user puts their hands under the tap, they are detected by an infrared sensor and the solenoid valve opens. The tap will run whilst there is motion in front of the sensor, allowing the user to wash their hands thoroughly without having to constantly re-activate the tap. Once the user removes their hands the electronics will automatically close the solenoid valve.

1.2                                                   AIM OF THE PROJECT
The aim of this work is to build electronic circuit which can control the water tap operation by sensing valid-movements of the user hand with the help of a Passive Infrared (PIR) motion sensing module.

1.3                                              PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The purpose of this work is to have automatic control for a water tap which can significantly reduce water waste and consumption to some extent. Besides, this device can eliminate cross-contamination by keeping hands and germs away from commonly-used surfaces.

1.4                                         SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
Hygiene
Automatic taps are the most hygienic option available for fetching water and hand washing. This is a very important aspect for everybody, but of increased importance where people are handling food, or where cross contamination needs to be avoided.
Reliability
Automatic taps have been extensively developed and tested to achieve the current high levels of reliability. Whilst the main consideration is hygiene to avoid cross contamination, automatic taps also make significant savings on water”.
Water Savings
Electronic taps use the “optimum” amount of water, on the spout to control the flow of water and the taps only run when the hands are placed under the spout, limiting the water use to the precise time required and preventing taps being left running.

1.5                                                 AREA OF APPLICATION
This device is applicable to anywhere water tap are used like:

1. Homes
2. Public borehole
3. Hospital
4. Hotels
5. Offices and industries, etc.

1.6                                          STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1. Price range is wide and, as always, you usually get what you pay for, but sensor taps probably imply more initial investmentthan traditional taps.
2. If there is a water cut, one cannot use the device. If there is a power cut, mains operated sensor taps will not work either.
3. This device works with aninfrared sensor. This widget may have problems with reflective surfaces and extremely bright colours. Installers must read carefully the mounting instructions that the manufacturer provides in order to avoid mirrors or polished chrome finishes opposite the tap sensor, as well as another built-in sensor right in front of it. Despite following the guidelines, beware that sensored taps can make activation mistakes from time to time for example when animal like cat climbs the water tap.

1.7                                           LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
If the infrared sensor has been subject to vandalism and covered deliberately the tap will only run for approx 2 minutes before locking out until the sensors are cleared.

1.8                                                 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The heart of the device is Passive Infrared sensor which controls the valve operation by sensing valid-movements. The motion sensor with control electronics circuitry is very simple and self-explanatory. Output of the PIR sensor module (SEN1) is here connected to a ‘traditional’ monostable multivibrator (MMV) wired around the ubiquitous timer chip NE555 (IC1). Output of IC1 controls the solenoid valve through a 6V electromagnetic relay attached to J1.

1.9                                        PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION
The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:
Chapter one of this works is on the introduction to this study. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective, purpose, application, limitation and problem of this work was discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review of the study. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.
Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.
Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.        

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