This paper presents the design and construction of a wireless microphone FM transmitter with a range of about 100meters.
Wireless microphone FM transmitter with a range of about 100meters.  The  use  of  cable  microphones  creates inconvenience and obstruction while in use so  it  becomes paramount  to  design and construct  a wireless  microphone  using  Frequency  Modulation  as  link  instead  of  a  cable  with  a  reception which should be portable, affordable and operate efficiently. The transmitter works using a 9v dc supply which operates on the principle of FM (frequency modulation) band. The design consists of four parts which include; the input unit (electret microphone), audio amplifier unit, modulator and finally the oscillator unit. The input unit is a microphone which is used to provide the signal in the form of speech amplified by the audio amplifier; the amplified signal is then transferred to the  modulator  unit  where  the  signal  is  being  superimposed  on  the  carrier  wave  in  a  suitable manner.  The  oscillating  unit  which  is  an  LC  oscillator  provides  the  necessary  high  frequency needed for transmitting the signal through an antenna. The output is a signal transmitted through a distance of 100m which is transmitted at a frequency of 102.3MHZ.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL SHEET
TITLE PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE
1.0     INTRODUCTION
1.1     AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF INVESTIGATION
1.2     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
1.3     LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
1.4     SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
1.5 APPLICATION OF THE PROECT
1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS
1.7 PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO
2.0     REVIEW OF AN FM TRANSMITTER
2.1     IONOSPHERIC PROPAGATION
2.2     MODULATION
2.3     NEEDS FOR MODULATION PROCESS   
CHAPTER THREE
3.0     FREQUENCY MODULATION
3.1     CHARACTERISTIC OF AN FM WAVE
3.2     FREQUENCY MODULATION DETECTORS
3.3     METHOD OF GENERATING AND DETECTING F.M
3.4     RESONANCE
3.5     OSCILLATION

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0     THE RADIO TUNER

CHAPTER FIVE
5.1     FUNCTION OF TRANSMITTER (WITH BLOCK DIAGRAM)
5.2     THEORY OF RESISTOR AND USED IN THE PROJECT  
5.3     THEORY OF CAPACITORS
5.4     THEORY OF VARIABLE
5.5     THEORY OF TRANSISTOR
5.6     THEORY OF AERIAL
5.7     THEORY OF MICROPHONE
5.8     POWER SUPPLY UNIT

 

CHAPTER SIX
6.0     CONCLUSION
6.1     BACKGROUND INFORMATION
REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE
1.1                                       INTRODUCTION
Electronics deals with current flow and the application therefore current is established by movement of electron-hence electronics. Electrons on their own are constituent of the atom. We shall bargain therefore by considering our need for electronics in every day activities because to has become obvious. As the world grow computerized, we ought to have the knowledge and understanding of electronics for certain reason.
As a matter of fact, our satisfaction these days mostly depend on electronics. These satisfactions may come in different ways. For instance one cam now stay in his house or in motor to communicate with distance person through telephones; one can tune radio or television on station inside his house, to mails. Some information can be transmitted by the aid of microphone. All these and more make life easier and less stressful for us.
The study of electronics is not so simple as may be perceived by people who professionalized in its operation.
It deals with the movements of electrons and electromagnetic wave in short everything that happens in electronics is invisible. “Electronics, according to advanced leaner dictionaries” is the science and technology of electronics phenomena, devices and system, as in radio, Television, tape recorder, compute etc.
Considering the project I am writing now, the radio transmitter. Radio transmitter generates energy at a definite frequency and convey this energy to the transmitting aerial for radiation. To obtain a useful radiated signals, information must be superimposed on the radio waves. In the continuous wave (C.W) transmitters used for radio, telegraphy, the desired information is added by interrupting the radio frequency oscillations in accordance with a telegraphic code. In radio telephone (modulated) transmitters the information is added by modulating either the amplitude or the frequency of the radio frequency carrier wave the speech or music to be transmitted. 

1.1     AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF INVESTIGATION
my aim and purpose to investigation started when I saw that thing\s are not easy in the field as it is said theoretically. When I bought components and made connections in a project board, I saw that my objectives were not attained immediately I disconnected several times and moved to the library, consulted our senior course mate for further explanation and serious investigation. In fact my purpose is not as easy as thought to us. Then I added more effort to am at the final level of the project.
 
1.2                                     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

• Greater freedom of movement for the artist or speaker
• Avoidance of cabling problems common with wired microphones, caused by constant moving and stressing the cables
• Reduction of cable "trip hazards" in the performance space
• Galvanic isolation of microphone, avoiding ground loops between microphone and other electrical instruments on stage
•  

1.3                                       LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

• Sometimes limited range (a wired balanced XLR microphone can run up to 300 ft or 100 meters). Some wireless systems have a shorter range, while more expensive models can exceed that distance.

• Possible interference with or, more often, from other radio equipment or other radio microphones, though models with many frequency-synthesized switch-selectable channels are now plentiful and cost effective.
• Operation time is limited relative to battery life; it is shorter than a normal condenser microphone due to greater drain on batteries from transmitting circuitry, and from circuitry giving extra features, if present.
• Noise or dead spots (places where it doesn't work, especially in non-diversity systems)
• Limited number of operating microphones at the same time and place, due to the limited number of radio channels (frequencies).
• Higher cost in proportion to fewer other features

1.4                                             SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
Wireless microphone is a microphone without a physical cable connecting it directly to the sound recording or amplifying equipment with which it is associated. Also known as a radio microphone, it has a small, battery-powered radio transmitter in the microphone body, which transmits the audio signal from the microphone by radio waves to a nearby receiver unit, which recovers the audio. The other audio equipment is connected to the receiver unit by cable. Wireless microphones are widely used in the entertainment industry, television broadcasting, and public speaking to allow public speakers, interviewers, performers, and entertainers to move about freely while using a microphone to amplify their voices.
There are many different standards, frequencies and transmission technologies used to replace the microphone's cable connection and make it into a wireless microphone. They can transmit, for example, in radio waves using UHF or VHF frequencies, FM, AM, or various digital modulation schemes. Some low cost (or specialist) models use infrared light. Infrared microphones require a direct line of sight between the microphone and the receiver, while costlier radio frequency models do not.

1.5                                          APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
Wireless FM transmitters used in many different environments. Some of the more popular uses are churches, sporting events, fitness centers, homes, cars, correctional facilities and holiday light shows. Other applications include
• Non-commercial broadcasting.
• Commercial broadcasting.
• Television audio.
 • Public Service communications.
• Radio Service Communications.
• Point-to-point microwave links used by telecommunications companies.

1.6                                                  DEFINITION OF TERMS
FM    –                  Frequency Modulation
VHF  –                  Very High Frequency (30MHz to 300MHz)
UHF  –                  Ultra High Frequency (300MHz to 3GHz)
VFO  –                  Variable Frequency Oscillator
VCO –                  Voltage Controlled Oscillator
PLL  –                  Phase Locked Loop
Oscillator –                    device that generates a frequency

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