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TITLE PAGE
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN IR BASED PROXIMITY SENSOR
BY
---
--/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---
DECEMBER,2018
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work, " design and construction of an ir based proximity sensor" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
By
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Supervisor Head of Department.
Signature………………. Signature……………….
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External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
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Proximity sensor detects the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact. Examples of proximity sensor usage include detecting an out-of-paper condition in a printer or a mobile phone screen that dims to save battery life when placed near a face.
Proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic field or a beam of electromagnetic radiation, and looks for changes in the field or return signal. The object being sensed is often referred to as the proximity sensor's target. This study is aimed at building an infrared type of proximity sensor.
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
- BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
- STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
- AIM AND OBJECTIVES
- SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
- JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
- STUDY LIMITATIONS/DELIMITATION
CHAPTER TWO
- LITERATURE REVIEW
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF THE STUDY
- REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES
- REVIEW OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF PROXIMITY SENSORS
- PROPOSED SYSTEM
CHAPTER THREE
- CONSTRUCTION
- BLOCK DIAGRAM
- PROXIMITY SENSOR CIRCUIT SCHEMATIC
- SYSTEM OPERATION
- CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
- DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS USED
CHAPTER FOUR
- RESULT ANALYSIS
- INSTALLATION OF THE COMPLETED DESIGN
- CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
- CASING AND PACKAGING
- ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
- TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION
- PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 CONCLUSION
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
5.3 REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Sensors are devices used to provide information on the presence or absence of an object. It measures the closeness of body to obstacles (both animate and inanimate) that may not be visible to the driver or that the driver may yet not have realized (NEMA, 2013).
Previous researcher has discussed the proximity issue in construction including injury and fatality statistics of collisions between construction equipment and workers. Because construction projects often involve many repetitive tasks, construction workers can experience decreased awareness and loss of focus (Pratt et al. 2001, Teizer et al. 2010). Construction equipment operator visibility, specifically operator blind spots, can be a major factor in contact collisions between construction equipment and ground workers (Fullerton et al. 2009). A real-time proximity detection and warning system is needed on construction jobsites to warn equipment operators of hazardous proximity situations.
Proximity Detection Sensors detect and measure and detect the presence of an object or person with making contact. The proximity detection devices offer a wide range of performance, and compensates for ambient light, allowing it to operate in environments ranging from bright sunlight to dark rooms. The wide dynamic range allows operation in short-distance detection applications behind dark glass, such as cell phones. Proximity Detection Sensors can be used for a mechanical switch replacement or to sense human gesturing.
A proximity sensor detects the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact.
A proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic field or a beam of electromagnetic radiation (infrared, for instance), and looks for changes in the field or return signal. The object being sensed is often referred to as the proximity sensor's target. Different proximity sensor targets demand different sensors. For example, a capacitive or photoelectric sensor might be suitable for a plastic target; an inductive proximity sensor always requires a metal target.
The maximum distance that this sensor can detect is defined "nominal range". Some sensors have adjustments of the nominal range or means to report a graduated detection distance.
Proximity sensors can have a high reliability and long functional life because of the absence of mechanical parts and lack of physical contact between sensor and the sensed object.
Proximity sensors are commonly used on smart-phones to detect (and skip) accidental touch-screen taps when held to the ear during a call. They are also used in machine vibration monitoring to measure the variation in distance between a shaft and its support bearing. This is common in large steam turbines, compressors, and motors that use sleeve-type bearings.
Historitical Background of Proximity Detector
In 1958—exactly 50 years ago—the proximity switch was invented in a Mannheim laboratory owned by Pepperl+Fuchs. What was originally conceived as a customer-specific solution for an intrinsically safe current circuit in the chemical industry, has since become the universally recognized industry standard for non-contact switching.
The proximity switch is one of the oldest electronic components in automation. It has been continuously reinvented over the years to keep pace with ever-changing requirements.
Fifty years ago, when Walter Pepperl and his colleague Wilfried Gehl were commissioned by BASF to find an alternative to mechanical contacts, they had no idea that they would set a milestone in the development of automation technology. The challenge was to develop a robust component that would operate reliably after many thousands of switching cycles at very low switching currents, in the corrosive atmosphere of a chemical plant.
As trained radio engineers, they knew what happens when a metallic object approaches a coil system. With the bi-polar transistor, which William B. Shockley had invented 10 years earlier, the two engineers had at their disposal a new compact component with which the damping of an oscillating circuit could be easily evaluated and converted into a switching signal. The invention of the proximity switch is consequently an early example of how communications engineering expertise advances automation technology.
In the early years, application of the inductive proximity switch was restricted to the chemical industry, where problems with mechanical contact wear due to the low currents used and the resulting absence of cleansing through contact erosion, were the most severe.
However, in the early 1960s, people began to appreciate the practically unlimited service life of these switches in other automation applications. So it was no surprise when Pepperl+Fuchs introduced an inductive version of the roller lever limit switch on the market in 1968. This device shared mounting compatibility with its mechanical counterpart and had the option of five different positions for the active sensor surface, so that any possible travel direction of the mechanical switch could be replicated.
In those days it was not yet possible to reproduce all the different voltage ranges electronically. Nevertheless, the 60 different versions of proximity switch required as a result could not prevent its success on the market. The absence of wear was a major advantage for the reliability of automation systems.
Ten years later, the next-generation device was presented, which simplified applications. The user could now change the active sensor surface himself and the amplifiers with different voltage ranges could be easily replaced by insertion. This proximity switch design continues to be one of the highest selling, but the development of this technology has resulted in much greater variety.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Devices such as limit switches detect an object by contacting it which can cause low response, abrasion or damage to the object, affect the service life and also subject to environment. To overcome this problem a proximity sensor was built. IR Sensors used in this work convert information on the movement or presence of an object into an electrical signal. infrared Sensors detect an object without touching it, and they therefore do not cause abrasion or damage to the object. Detection takes place with almost no effect from dirt, oil, or water on the object being detected.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The main aim of this work is to build a device that will detect the presence of an object without making physical contact with the object using IR sensor. At the end of this work the following objective shall be achieved:
- To light up an LED whenever any obstacle comes near to the sensor
- The connection and operation of IR sensor shall be known.
- Operation, application and connection of the device shall also be known.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH
Proximity sensor comes in various design voltages and ohms the choice of a particular sensor then depends on its application. The project tends to cover the design of distance sensor using IR sensor to indicated obstacles at close proximity to the device. Their operating principle is based on an infrared interruption that creates an electrical signal to the input of the op-amp.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Proximity sensors detect the presence or absence of an object. Examples of proximity sensor usage include detecting an out-of-paper condition in a printer or a mobile phone screen that dims to save battery life when placed near a face.
Proximity sensors can be used in industrial, automotive and consumer applications.
1.6 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
Proximity sensor was choosing because of its advantages it has over contact making sensors such as:
Proximity Sensors detect an object without touching it, and they therefore do not cause abrasion or damage to the object.
Devices such as limit switches detect an object by contacting it, but Proximity Sensors are able to detect the presence of the object electrically, without having to touch it.
No contacts are used for output, so the Sensor has a longer service life.
Proximity Sensors use semiconductor outputs, so there are no contacts to affect the service life
1.7 STUDY LIMITATIONS/DELIMITATION
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CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of " design and construction of an ir based proximity sensor" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of " design and construction of an ir based proximity sensor" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
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