DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN OBSTACLE DETECTION SYSTEM FOR THE VISUALLY IMPAIRED
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BY
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APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work, "design and construction of an obstacle detection system for the visually impaired" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
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Generally, blind people use a traditional cane for moving from one place to other. Although, white cane is the international symbol of blindness, it could not help them to detect place and to avoid obstacles. In this paper, we represent a model that aids blind people. It consists of Arduino, IR sensor and buzzer. This stick can obstacles. Position detection part is done with IR sensor. IR sensor is used for detecting obstacles. Here, the buzzer produces two types of sound. When the blind reaches to his destination, buzzer buzzes continuously. When the blind faces any obstacles, buzzer buzzes discontinuously. By hearing this two types of sound, blind can be confirmed about his destination and also can avoid obstacles in front of him. The whole system is designed to be small, light and is used in conjunction with the white cane so that it could ensure safety of the blind.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRCT
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
- OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
- SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 OVERVIEW OF BLINDNESS
2.2 REVIEW OF THE STUDY
2.3 DESCRIPTION OF ARDUINO
2.4 DESCRIPTION OF IR SENSOR
2.5 THEORY OF IR SENSOR OPERATION
2.6 THEORY OF BUZZER/SPEAKER
2.7 THEORY VIBRATION MOTOR DRIVER
CHAPTER THREE
DESIGN METHODOLOGY
3.1 SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
3.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
3.3 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
3.4 SYSTEM OPERATION
3.5 COMPONENTS LIST
3.6 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION AND CONNECTIONS
3.7 CIRCUIT WORKING PRINCIPLE
3.8 SYSTEM PROGRAMME
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT ANALYSIS
4.1 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
4.2 ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
4.3 PACKAGING
4.4 MOUNTING PROCEDURE
4.5 TESTING
4.6 RESULT ANALYSIS
4.7 COST ANALYSIS
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATION AND REFERENCES
- CONCLUSIONS
- RECOMMENDATION
5.2 REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Eyes are the most important sense of organ of human. We perceive up to 80 per cent of all impressions by means of our sight. According to the 2014 statistics of World Health Organization, 285 million people are estimated to be visually impaired worldwide, 39 million are blind and 246 have low vision. The people with low vision or no vision suffer from various problems. Mobility and orientation are two of them [1]. The traditional and oldest mobility aids for the blind are the white cane and guide dog. As white cane is the international symbol of blindness, the visual presence of white cane helps to understand others that the user is blind. It also helps the blind to reach destination and avoid obstacles in ground but it could not protect him from all level of obstacles. On the other hand, Guide dog is able to detect and analyze complex situations: cross walks, stairs, potential danger, know paths and more. But guide dogs are still far from being affordable, around the price of a nice car, and their average working time is limited, an average of 7 years. So these traditional mobility aids have many drawbacks.
1.2 BACKGROND OF THE PROJECT
A number of navigation systems for aiding the blind have been developed already. This developed system can be categorized into two groups. The first group is Electronic Travel Aids (ETAs) and the second group is Electronic Orientation Aids (EOAs). ETAs are designed to create a safe journey by detecting obstacles using ultrasonic and proximity sensor [1].
An obstacle detection system for the visually impaired sensor for detecting obstacle was developed [2]. It used stereo camera and dual feedback system .Another system for detecting obstacles was created [5]. It was a wheeled stick. When it detected obstacles, it automatically steered around and made the user to follow the obstacles free path without any conscious effort.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The purposes are as follows:
- To detect place with the stick.
- To detect obstacles with the stick.
- To ensure safe walking of the blind.
- To help the blind to reach his destination safely and securely.
- To create a cheap and comfortable mobility aid for the blind.
1.4 AIM OF THE PROJECT
This objective of this work is to develop an aid for visually impaired persons. This project is capable of detecting any obstacle, detect water and corners and even allow the user to find the stick if anyhow missed by the user by pressing a remote switch.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
The device is designed with an intention to sort out common issues faced by the blind people while using traditional sticks. With the electronics embedded within the stick, it became a smart stick with the functionalities mentioned above.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
In this present study, an obstacle detection system for the visually impaired sensor for detecting obstacle is developed. It is developed as a place detecting device. By using this stick, blind person will be confirmed that, he has reached the place where he wanted to go. It is easy to maintain and very comfortable to use. Power consumption of this stick is low and can be operated easily. Moreover, it is fully automated. This stick also enables to detect obstacles in user’s way by using an IR sensor. So, it is very helpful for the blind to reach his destination safely.
Arduino UNO is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller. The Arduino module, IR sensor and buzzer all are connected with it.
Electromechanical buzzer is used for creating two different types of buzzing sound. It is an audio signaling device which is identical to an electric bell without the metal gong. It functions by means of an electromagnet. When an electric current is applied, it produces a repetitive buzzing or clanging sound. A relay may be connected to interrupt its own actuating current, causing the contacts to buzz. Often these units were anchored to a wall or ceiling to use it as a sounding board.
For detecting obstacles, IR sensor is used. The IR LED transmits the IR signal on to the object and the signal is reflected back from the surface of the object. The reflected signals are received by an IR receiver (LDR). Both the LED and LDR consume 3.5 volt power.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "design and construction of an obstacle detection system for the visually impaired" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "design and construction of an obstacle detection system for the visually impaired" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "design and construction of an obstacle detection system for the visually impaired" was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "design and construction of an obstacle detection system for the visually impaired" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "design and construction of an obstacle detection system for the visually impaired" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "design and construction of an obstacle detection system for the visually impaired" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "design and construction of an obstacle detection system for the visually impaired" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of "design and construction of an obstacle detection system for the visually impaired" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "design and construction of an obstacle detection system for the visually impaired" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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