DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A LOW-COST STOPWATCH
USER'S INSTRUCTIONS: The project work you are about to view is on "design and construction of a low-cost stopwatch" Please, sit back and study the below research material carefully. This project topic "design and construction of a low-cost stopwatch" have complete 5(five) Chapters. The complete Project Material/writeup include: Abstract + Introduction + etc + Literature Review + methodology + etc + Conclusion + Recommendation + References/Bibliography.Our aim of providing this "design and construction of a low-cost stopwatch" project research material is to reduce the stress of moving from one school library to another all in the name of searching for "design and construction of a low-cost stopwatch" research materials. We are not encouraging any form of plagiarism. This service is legal because, all institutions permit their students to read previous projects, books, articles or papers while developing their own works.
TITLE PAGE
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A LOW-COST STOPWATCH
BY
---
EE/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
INSTITUTE OF ---
DECEMBER,2018
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work, "design and construction of a low-cost stopwatch" by ---, Reg. No. EE/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on Electrical and Electronics Engineering has been approved.
By
Engr. --- Engr. ---
Supervisor Head of Department.
Signature………………. Signature……………….
……………………………….
Engr. ---
External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION: This work “design and construction of a low-cost stopwatch” research material is a complete and well researched project material strictly for academic purposes, which has been approved by different Lecturers from different higher institutions. We made Preliminary pages, Abstract and Chapter one of “design and construction of a low-cost stopwatch” visible for everyone, then the complete material on “design and construction of a low-cost stopwatch” is to be ordered for. Happy viewing!!!
Time, something that exists in everyone’s life, is recorded by clocks all the time in our daily life. The present widely used counting system for time is decimal base as a result of the fact that this counting base is the most convenient one for people to count using ten fingers [1]. To be more precise about the counting system of time, it is commonly known that one day is divided into 24 hours, one hour is divided into 60 minutes and one minute is divided into 60 seconds, while this particular project particularly focused on building a digital stop watch.
A stopwatch is designed to measure the amount of time elapsed from a particular time when it is activated to the time when the piece is deactivated. The circuit uses CD4060, CD4013, CD4033, LTS543 and some discrete components. A crystal-controlled oscillator generates 1Hz pulses. A 32.768kHz miniature crystal is used for the purpose
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
- AIM OF THE PROJECT
- OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
- PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
- LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
- ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT
- PROBLEM OF THE PROJECT
- APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
- RESEARCH QUESTION
- PROJECT ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY
- REVIEW OF THE RELATED STUDY
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY
3.1 BASIC OF THE SYSTEM
3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM
3.3 SYSTEM OPERATION
3.4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3.5 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
3.6 DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS USED
3.7 POWER SUPPLY UNIT
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 TESTING AND RESULTS
- CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
- INSTALLATION OF THE COMPLET DESIGN
- ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
- TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION
- COST ANALYSIS
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION
- RECOMMENDATION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
A stopwatch is a handheld timepiece designed to measure the amount of time elapsed from a particular time when it is activated to the time when the piece is deactivated. A large digital version of a stopwatch designed for viewing at a distance, as in a sports stadium, is called a stopclock. In manual timing, the clock is started and stopped by a person pressing a button. In fully automatic time, both starting and stopping are triggered automatically, by sensors.
By two buttons on the case, pressing the top button starts the timer running, and pressing the button a second time stops it, leaving the elapsed time displayed. A press of the second button then resets the stopwatch to zero. The second button is also used to record split times or lap times. When the split time button is pressed while the watch is running, the display freezes then starts then freezes again, allowing the elapsed time to that point to be read, but the watch mechanism continues running to record total elapsed time. Pressing the split button a second time allows the watch to resume display of total time.
Stopwatch mode can be found in almost all cell phones nowadays. Mechanical stopwatches are powered by a mainspring, which must be periodically wound up by turning the knurled knob at the top of the watch.
Digital electronic stopwatches are available which, due to their crystal oscillator timing element, are much more accurate than mechanical timepieces. Because they contain a microchip, they often include date and time-of-day functions as well. Some may have a connector for external sensors, allowing the stopwatch to be triggered by external events, thus measuring elapsed time far more accurately than is possible by pressing the buttons with one's finger. Stopwatches that count by 1/100 of a second are commonly mistaken as counting milliseconds, rather than centiseconds.
The device is used when time periods must be measured precisely and with a minimum of complications. Laboratory experiments and sporting events like sprints are good examples.
The stopwatch function is also present as an additional function of many electronic devices such as wristwatches, cell phones, portable music players, and computers.
This work is on design and construction of a simple stopwatch circuit. The circuit uses CD4060, CD4013, CD4033, LTS543 and some discrete components. A crystal-controlled oscillator generates 1Hz pulses. A 32.768kHz miniature crystal is used for the purpose.
1.2 AIM OF THE PROJECT
To make a simple stopwatch circuit that can count from 0 to 99 seconds, which can also be used for different applications like photo counter, person counter, countdown timer, alarm clock.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The main purpose of the circuit is to use it as a stop watch that can be used inorganizing athletics, quizzes etc. With small modifications, the circuit can be used for many counting purposes.
1.4 APPLICATIONS OF THE PROJECT
- This circuit can be used as an indicator at quiz competitions.
- sporting events like sprints
- Applications include instrument (e.g., counter, DVM, etc.) display driver, computer/calculator display driver, cockpit display driver, and various clock, watch, and timer uses.
1.5 LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT
- The circuit does not display the actual time, but rather the count of clock pulses.
- The use of digital counter ICs produces a time delay in the whole operation, because of the propagation delay.
- This is a theoretical circuit and may require changes.
1.6 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
At the end of this work, students involved will be able to:
- Searched for electronic components used in shops,
- Know how to generate accurate pulse.
- Design different pulse generator circuits.
- Troubleshoot the circuits while implementing each on the bread board and testing for the accuracy of the output.
- Understand the basic circuit used in manufacturing stopwatches, counters, digital clocks etc.
1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
The advantages of using a stopwatch is that it gives you a general measurement of how much time it take an object to do something start to finish.
1.8 PROBLEM OF THE PROJECT
The only problem of using a stopwatch is that it is not extremely precise or accurate.
1.9 PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION
The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:
Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to this study. In this chapter, the background, significance, scope, objective, limitation and problem, advantages of this work was discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review of the study. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.
Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.
Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.
CHAPTER ONE: The complete chapter one of “design and construction of a low-cost stopwatch” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter one of “design and construction of a low-cost stopwatch”consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on“design and construction of a low-cost stopwatch” was reviewed.
CHAPTER TWO: The complete chapter two of “design and construction of a low-cost stopwatch” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of “design and construction of a low-cost stopwatch” consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on “design and construction of a low-cost stopwatch” was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of “design and construction of a low-cost stopwatch” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of “design and construction of a low-cost stopwatch” consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of “design and construction of a low-cost stopwatch” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of “design and construction of a low-cost stopwatch” consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of design and construction of a “design and construction of a low-cost stopwatch” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of “design and construction of a low-cost stopwatch” consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
To "DOWNLOAD" the complete material on this particular topic above click "HERE"
Do you want our Bank Accounts? please click HERE
To view other related topics click HERE
To "SUMMIT" new topic(s), develop a new topic OR you did not see your topic on our site but want to confirm the availiability of your topic click HERE
Do you want us to research your new topic? if yes, click "HERE"
Do you have any question concerning our post/services? click HERE for answers to your questions
You can also visit our facebook Page at fb.me/hyclas to view our related construction (or design) picture.
For more information contact us through Any of the following means:
Mobile No :+2348146561114 or +2347015391124 [Mr. Innocent]
Email address :engr4project@gmail.com
Watsapp No :+2348146561114
To View Our Design Pix: You can also visit our facebook Page at fb.me/hyclas for our design photos/pics.
COUNTRIES THAT FOUND OUR SERVICES USEFUL
Australia, Botswana, Canada, Europe, Ghana, Ireland, India, Kenya, Liberia, Malaysia, Namibia, New Zealand, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Uganda, United States, United Kindom, Zambia, Zimbabwe, etc
Support: +234 8146561114 or +2347015391124
Watsapp No :+2348146561114
Email Address :engr4project@gmail.com
IF YOU ARE SATISFIED WITH OUR SERVICES, PLEASE DO NOT FORGET TO INVITE YOUR FRIENDS AND COURSEMATES TO OUR PAGE.