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DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A FULL DUPLEX INTERCOM

 

ABSTRACT

This project is titled design and construction of full duplex intercom. It is designed to meet up with the communication demand in our homes, offices and industries.
Full duplex Intercom is a private telecommunication system that allows typically two or more locations to communicate with each other like telephone does. This system can be used as an intercom and door phone. You can use intercom systems from your house to house gate/door to screen visitors to your house. Full duplex intercom system allows the users of the system to communicate with each other on both directions without any controls (like transmit button pushing etc.)
This system allows operating two intercom stations leaving the operator free of using his or her hands in some other occupation, thus avoiding the usual “push-to-talk” operation modes. No complex changeover switching is required: the two units are connected together by means of s thin screened cable. With full duplex intercom, one host transmits, one receives but neither host can both transmit and receive.  A microphone will transmit a message to a receiving speaker direction. This system composed of two amplifiers- one for transmitting and the other for receiving.

 

 

CHAPTER ONE
1.1                                          INTRODUCTION
Full duplex intercom system allows the users of the system to communicate with each other on both directions without any controls (like transmit button pushing etc.).
This system allows operating two intercom stations leaving the operator free of using his or her hands in some other occupation, thus avoiding the usual “push-to-talk” operation modes. No complex changeover switching is required: the two units are connected together by means of s thin screened cable. With full duplex intercom, one host transmits, one receives but neither host can both transmit and receive.  A microphone will transmit a message to a receiving speaker direction. This system composed of two amplifiers- one for transmitting and the other for receiving.
Implementation of full duplex intercom in generally much more complicated than implementing half duplex intercom, especially if you need to communicate with just few wires and want speakerphone like operation without handset. For this kind of full-duplex system you will generally need an amplifier at the gate like you have now but you will also need a circuit that isolates the gate circuit's input from its own output, like a speaker phone does.
Intercom systems used in TV and stage productions are usually headset type intercoms connected to one line using party line arrangement. The primary use of this type of system is in live or media productions where the video director speaks to the camera operators, or where the stage manager speaks to the stage hands and lighting operator, etc. This type of intercom allows communications in two directions between anyone on the line in that basis that everyone hears everything.
This kind of intercom systems are frequently referred to as 2-wire although this term is misleading since the stations are connected together using 2-conductor shielded microphone cable, and the shield is very much a conductor. This connector is typically used to carry the party line voice in one wire and the station operating power on another wire. The ground is common for both of them. This kind of intercom systems are sometimes called "talkback" systems.

1.2                             OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The objective of this work is design a device that is used to communicate with people outside and inside a building.

1.3                          SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
Using an intercom system in your home or office can save time and provide a more effective communication channel.
Intercom system provides functions ranging from convenience to security. Conversations can be held between individuals in different parts of the home and in the case of injury or emergency.
Not only are home intercoms used for communication, but they can be used for entertainment as well. Intercom is a form of entertainment provided by a home intercom system is the ability to play the same radio station in rooms throughout your home.

1.4             ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT

Many businesses and individuals use the intercom system as a security system. The intercom doubles up as a security system as well as an amenity. This system has become so common that many builders provide the intercom system free for people who buy new houses in their buildings. Though it is a good enough security system, it has some disadvantages and advantages. Here is a brief discussion about the various advantages and disadvantages of the intercom system.
The intercom system is best for places that have a low crime rate, where at the most one has to fend off is an annoying salesperson or a panhandler. In these situations, with the help of an intercom system, the homeowner can interact with these individuals without actually coming down to the doorway to shoo them away. This system is highly useful in places like mansions, standalone bungalows, or areas with an attached garden. In such scenarios, people living in the house can find out who is at the door without going all the way through the home and garden, only to find out that the person at the door is not someone they wanted to meet anyway. This system is a good idea because it gives an audio visual of the person at the door, so the person inside the house has an exact idea of who wants to visit them, who they are with, and in some cases, they can even find out what they want.
The intercom system also works as an excellent free communication system between people on the same connection. In apartment buildings, the security and the help can use the intercom to convey any important information to the people living in the house. People in the house can also use the intercom to speak to other people living in the building and connected via the same line.

However, the intercom is not a security system in the most traditional sense. It just allows the user to find out information about whoever decides to call on them, and decides to come in through the main door. The intercom would be patently useless against career criminals who have already devised ways to get into the apartment or the bungalow through other venues and not the door.

This system just stops unsavory people from coming into the house via the main entry, and does not have any features that might stop them from scaling a wall or a window. For an intercom to make an actual impact, the user will have to install surveillance cameras all along the surrounding area along with the intercom system. In this way, they will be able to ensure that the person they just denied entry is not trying to come in through a window.
These are some of the advantages and disadvantages of the intercom systems. While it is not a great security system on its own, it does play a very important role in rounding off the security system of any house. There are several kinds of intercom systems available, and you would need to research a bit to find out which fulfils your requirements.
The advantages of this system include relatively easy setup, simple operation, use of common cabling (standard microphone cables), portability, and clear and reliable communications. Full duplex intercoms are standard equipment at performing facilities, allowing communications among the lighting and stage-production staff. Touring sound and lighting companies will carry these systems with them for concerts and events. Locations such as community theaters, school and college auditoriums, sporting and racing venues also use party-line intercom systems.

1.5                                        LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

  • When using an intercom system, anyone in the room of the sender or recipient of the message can hear the conversation. Communication might have to be repeated if static or poor sound quality exists in the intercom.
  • An intercom is an electronic communications system within a building or group of buildings. They are generally composed of fixed microphone/speaker units which connect to a central control panel.
  • This circuit is based upon theoretical calculations and may require practical changes to be made while implementing the circuit in hardware.
  • This is designed for loudspeakers with low range and hence cannot be used at large buildings.
  • This requires a changeover switch.

1.6                                       APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT

  • This circuit can be used as a home intercom circuit.
  • It can be used at small buildings like coffee shops and small offices.
  • This circuit can also be installed in vehicles.

1.7                                          PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
(1) The main objective of this project is to construct a full duplex intercom that will help two persons or more to communicate with each other within a particular domain, like offices homes, warehouse e.t.c.
(2) To build a telephone that will transmit signal via a medium at no cost.
(3) To immensely help the engineering students understand the technology behind full duplex intercom and its practical development.

1.8                                                  SCOPEOF PROJECT
The scope of this project work design of simple two way intercom system is to limited to the design, construction and test on a two station simple intercom system with specification that;
I. The demodulator should operate with a minimum distortion while producing an adequate output
II. The small signal amplifier must provide an undistorted signal into the buffer amplifier to be able to drive a speaker of 8 ohms impedance.
III. A 9 volt d.c power supply is to be design and employed to power the simple intercom for operation at each station.
IV. Result shall fully be discussed while suggestions for further study made.

1.8                       PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION
The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:
Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to a full duplex intercom. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of a full duplex intercom were discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review of a full duplex intercom. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.

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