This project work is on the construction of a mini radio broadcasting transmitter and console using frequency modulation (FM) with power rating of 1watt. F.M transmitter consists of four discrete modules namely the audio frequency (AF) amplifier (class A), the modulator the master oscillator, the radio frequency (RF) and amplifier (ClassC). These formed the conventional events for building FM transmitter here the signal (from the microphone) is fed into the (AF) for amplification then to the modulator which combines the modulating signal with the carrier wave transports the modulated signal through (RF) for final amplification to the antenna via the resonance circuit. this work also contain an audio mixer which is an electronic console that is used to mix different recorded tracks by changing their volume levels, adding effects and changing the timbre of each instrument on the tracks and at the same time generating a power of 1W. Audio mixer is also called mixing consoles and soundboards.
This fm transmitter transmits fm signal range of up to 1kilometres with any average radio ( with a very good radio under perfect conditions) this range can also be enhanced if operated in fixed locations of good high elevation, such as a multi-story apartment or tall building and can broadcast on any FM frequency from 87.5 to 108.0 MHz in most of the world depending on your choice.
The aim of this work is to design and construction of mini radio broadcast transmitter which compose of an audio console(mixer) using frequency modulation (fm) with power rating of 1 watt. 

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
1.3 LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
1.5 APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
1.6 DEFINITION OF THE PROJECT
1.7 PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 HISTORITICAL BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
2.2 REVIEW OF PARTS OF RADIO TRANSMITTER
2.3 REVIEW OF FM BROADCAST BANDS
2.4 MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
2.5 PRE-EMPHASIS AND DE-EMPHASIS
2.6 REVIEW OF MODULATION CHARACTERISTICS
2.7 REVIEW OF MIXING CONSOLE

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 CONSTRUCTION
3.1 BASICS OF FM TRANSMITTER
3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AN FM TRANSMITTER
3.3 FUNCTION OF FM TRANSMITTER BLOCK
3.4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM
3.5 CIRCUIT PARTS
3.6 CIRCUIT OPERATION
3.7 DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS USED

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULT ANALYSIS
4.1 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
4.2 CASING AND PACKAGING
4.3 ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
4.4 TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION
4.5 INSTALLATION OF THE COMPLETED DESIGN
4.6 SYSTEM TROUBLESHOOTING METHOD
4.7 COST ANALYSIS

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION
5.1 RECOMMENDATION
5.2 BIBLIOGRAPH
CHAPTER ONE
1.0                                                        INTRODUCTION
In electronics and telecommunications a transmitter or radio transmitter is an electronic device which, with the aid of an antenna, produces radio waves. The transmitter itself generates a radio frequency alternating current, which is applied to the antenna. When excited by this alternating current, the antenna radiates radio waves. In addition to their use in broadcasting, transmitters are necessary component parts of many electronic devices that communicate by radio, such as cell phones, wireless computer networks, Bluetooth enabled devices, garage door openers, two-way radios in aircraft, ships, and spacecraft, radar sets, and navigational beacons. The term transmitter is usually limited to equipment that generates radio waves for communication purposes; or radiolocation, such as radar and navigational transmitters. Generators of radio waves for heating or industrial purposes, such as microwave ovens or diathermy equipment, are not usually called transmitters even though they often have similar circuits.
The term is popularly used more specifically to refer to a broadcast transmitter, a transmitter used in broadcasting, as in FM radio transmitter. This usage usually includes the transmitter proper, the antenna, and often the building it is housed in.
A transmitter can be a separate piece of electronic equipment, or an electrical circuit within another electronic device. A transmitter and receiver combined in one unit is called a transceiver. The term transmitter is often abbreviated "XMTR" or "TX" in technical documents. The purpose of most transmitters is radio communication of information over a distance. The information is provided to the transmitter in the form of an electronic signal, such as an audio (sound) signal from a microphone. The transmitter combines the information signal to be carried with the radio frequency signal which generates the radio waves, which is often called the carrier. This process is called modulation. The information can be added to the carrier in several different ways, in different types of transmitter.
In a frequency modulation (FM) transmitter, it is added by varying the radio signal's frequency slightly. Many other types of modulation are used.
The antenna may be enclosed inside the case or attached to the outside of the transmitter, as in portable devices such as cell phones, walkie-talkies, and garage door openers. In more powerful transmitters, the antenna may be located on top of a building or on a separate tower, and connected to the transmitter by a feed line, that is a transmission line.

1.1                                              PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The main purpose of this work is to construct a device that will allow music or other audio content from a portable media player, CD player or other portable audio system to be played through a nearby FM radio. It can either be a capability built into a portable media player, or a portable appliance that plugs into the headphone jack or proprietary output port of a portable media player or video device. The sound is then broadcast through the transmitter on an FM broadcast band frequency and picked up by the receiver. The purpose is generally to allow portable audio devices to make use of the better sound quality of a home audio system or car stereo without requiring a wired connection between them.
The FM transmitter plugs into the audio output of audio devices and converts the audio output into an FM radio signal, which can then be picked up by appliances such as car or portable radios.

 

1.2                                             OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The objective of this work is to design and construct an FM transmitter which transmits a frequency modulated signal to an fm radio. That is, to construct a device that can broadcast signals on an FM broadcast band which can be picked up by any standard fm receiver which also compose of an audio console mixer with power rating of 1 watt. The function of the mixing console is to accept different mixed audio input into the system using potentiometer.

1.3                                      LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT

• The relatively low power output of FM transmitters sometimes makes it unsuitable for use in some large urban areas because of the number of other radio signals. This is compounded by the fact that strong FM signals can bleed over into neighboring frequencies making the frequencies unusable with the transmitter. Removing a car’s radio antenna has been found to significantly improve transmitter reception.[1] Some frequencies below 88.1 have even been supported as reception frequencies on some car stereos, and some indegeneous FM transmitters even take advantage of those unused frequencies which are generally more reliable as no frequency below 88.1 is used for mainstream broadcasters in the US.
• Some models which connect via ports other than the headphone jack have no means of controlling the volume, which can force the sound to transmit out from the device harshly (causing over modulation, audio distortion and possible radio interference), or too low. In theory a device could use an automatic level control or audio limiter circuit to overcome this problem although there are few (if any) devices with such a facility available out on the market yet.

1.4                    APPLICATIONS OF MIXING CONSOLE

• Public address systems use a mixing console to set microphones to an appropriate level, and can add in recorded sounds into the mix. A major requirement is to minimize audio feedback.
• Most bands use a mixing console to combine musical instruments and vocals.
• Radio broadcasts use a mixing desk to select audio from different sources, such as CD players, telephones, remote feeds, or prerecorded advertisements. These consoles, often referred to as "air-boards" are apt to have many fewer controls than mixers designed for live or studio production mixing, dropping pan/balance, EQ, and multi-bus monitoring/aux feed knobs in favor of cue and output bus selectors, since, in a radio studio, nearly all sources are either prerecorded or preadjusted.
• Dub producers/engineers
• Noise music musicians may create feedback loops within mixers, creating an instrument known as a no-input mixer. The tones generated from a no-input mixer are created by connecting an output of the mixer into an input channel and manipulating the pitch with the mixer's dials.
• Non-commercial broadcasting.
• Commercial broadcasting.
• Television audio.
• Public Service communications.
• Radio Service Communications.
• Point-to-point microwave links used by telecommunications companies.

  1.5                                           SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
  The project signifies a lot in the electronic communication system which telecommunication is the vital aspect which is usually demonstrated through radio communication system the frequency modulation transmitter is applied in a lot of instance frequency modulation is used in FM radio stations scattered all over the country whose advantage is paramount compared to its counterpart AM modulation frequency modulation transmitted is equally used in a miniaturized from as wireless morpheme.
  
  1.6                                                  DEFINITION OF TERMS
  FM    –                  Frequency Modulation
  VHF  –                  Very High Frequency (30MHz to 300MHz)
  UHF  –                  Ultra High Frequency (300MHz to 3GHz)
  VFO  –                  Variable Frequency Oscillator
  VCO –                  Voltage Controlled Oscillator
  PLL  –                  Phase Locked Loop

  Oscillator –                    device that generates a frequency

1.7                                       PROJECT REPORT ORGANIZATION
The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:
Chapter one contains introduction design objectives/aim, scope/significance, limitation, definition of terms, purpose of the report and report organization
Chapter two dealt on system component analysis literature review.
Chapter three contains the system design description of the system building blocks system specification block diagram and the description of the overall operation of the system.
Chapter four describes the implementation testing and results of the project.
Chapter five finally dealt on the cost analysis calculation and recommendation for further improvement and ended with a page for references .

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