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TITLE PAGE

 

BY

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--/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---

DECEMBER,2018

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APPROVAL PAGE

This is to certify that the research work, "design and construction of step up transformer with multiple out put" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.

By
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Supervisor                                                  Head of Department.
Signature……………….                           Signature……………….        

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External Invigilator

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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.

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Transformer is the heart of a sub-station’s equipment, which primarily transforms voltage from one level to the other at the same frequency. The voltage can be raised (Step-up transformer) or lowered (Step-down transformer), but with a fractional decrease or increase in current ratings. Presented in this paper, is the design and implementation of a 2 kVA, 230/400,  600 and 800V, core-type transformer. The materials used were copper wire, silicon steel laminations and is air cooled. A comprehensive design calculation of different parts of the transformer was carefully carried out based on some already established basic transformer design assumptions. E-shaped laminations were 109 and the I-shaped laminations were 93. Pre-commissioning tests such as continuity, short and open circuit test were conducted satisfactory. This reduction in efficiency was as a result of occurrence of losses and heat generated within the transformer. The potential caused of these losses and transformer heating could be attributed to the method of implementation such as the punching of bolt holes and during the cutting of sizes of the metal sheets. The designed transformer finds application in practical classes in undergraduate Electrical Machine Laboratory and domestic use. 

TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1      BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

• PROBLEM STATEMENT
• AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
• SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
• RELEVANCE OF THE WORK
• APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
• PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

• REVIEW OF THE STUDY
• HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
• CLASSIFICATION PARAMETERS OF TRANSFORMER
• REVIEW OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRANSFORMER
• OTHER TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS

CHAPTER THREE
SYSTEM DESIGN METHODLOGY

• CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF A STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER
• BASIC WORKING PRINCIPLE OF A TRANSFORMER
• TRANSFORMER CONSTRUCTION
• CIRCUIT DISCRIPTION OF A STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER
• E.M.F EQUATION OF A TRANSFORMER
• DESIGN CALCULATION

CHAPTER FOUR

•      TESTING, MEASUREMENT AND RESULTS
• TESTING OF TRANSFORMER OPERATION
• SHORT-CIRCUIT TEST
• FAULT WITHSTAND
• TRANSFORMER COOLING METHODS
• HOW TO CHECK A STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

CHAPTER FIVE

• CONCLUSION
• RECOMMENDATION
• REFERENCE 

 

CHAPTER ONE
1.0                                        INTRODUCTION
1.1                                 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
A transformer is a static electromagnetic device that transfers energy by inductive coupling between its winding circuits. In another way, a transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. Electromagnetic induction produces an electromotive force within a conductor which is exposed to time varying magnetic fields. A varying current in the primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformers core and thus a varying magnetic flux through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic flux induces a varying electromotive force (e.m.f) or voltage in the secondary winding. Transformers are used to increase or decrease the alternating voltages in electric power applications. In simple terms, it is an electromagnetic device that steps up or steps down voltages. Making use of Faraday's Law (discovered in 1831) in conjunction with high magnetic permeability core properties, transformers can be designed to efficiently change AC voltages from one voltage level to another within power networks (Gottlieb, 2012.).
A wide range of transformer designs are used in electronics and electric power applications. Transformers are essential for the transmission, distribution and utilization of electric energy. There are many sizes, shapes and configurations of transformers from tiny to gigantic like those used in power transmission.  Some come with stubbed out wires, others with screw or spade terminals, some made for mounting in PC boards, others for being screwed or bolted down.
Transformers are composed of a laminated iron core with one or more windings of wire.  They are called transformers because they transform voltage and current from one level to another.  An alternating current flowing through one coil of wire, the primary, induces a voltage in one or more other coils of wire, the secondary coils.  It is the changing voltage of AC current that induces voltage in the other coils through the changing magnetic field. DC voltage such as from a battery or DC power supply will not work in a transformer. 
Only AC makes a transformer work.  The magnetic field flows through the iron core.  The faster the voltage changes, the higher the frequency (Edward, 2011). However, the output of transformers various from single to double or multiple.

1.2                                 PROBLEM STATEMENT
There has been the need of transmitting power over long distances with higher efficiency and low maintenance. Step-up transformers are what allow electricity to be transmitted over long distances at low prices. By increasing the voltage of the current that has to be transmitted, the resistance on the line is reduced. This ensures that there are fewer losses along the way. If this were not the case, the power loss on the transmission lines would be so large that it would almost make it impossible for electricity to reach all the places that it does so efficiently today. Also they also don’t need much maintenance. The only maintenance required includes checking the oil, cleaning the contacts, repairing any parts that have been damaged or corroded etc. All of these don’t require much time or money.
1.3                        THE AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
The aim of this study is to design and construct 2KVA step up with multiple taps. The objectives are as follows;

• To design a step up voltage device
• To study the working and construction a step up transformer
• To increase the efficiency of power supply.
• To have different voltage output in a simple transformer.

1.4                        SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF PROJECT
The scope of this project is focused on the construction of step up transformer with input voltage of 230v and output voltage of 400, 600 and 800v. Therefore, the Transformers are used only for stepping up AC voltages or the Alternating Currents. They do not work on the DC or the Direct Current. The limitation are only for the applications related to the AC operations.
As the Step Up Transformer continuously performs its task without any break, it needs a cooling system. Since the Step Up Transformer cannot be shut down to cool, there has to be a provision to attach a round the clock cooling system to the Transformers.
As the voltage capacity increases bigger the transformer size which will also include a bigger cooling system. This creates a bulky and huge Transformer occupying a larger space.

1.5                                  RELEVANCE OF THE WORK
The relevance of designing the step-up transformer cannot be overemphasized. This is because most electrical or electronic machines and equipment usually comes in various voltages which is solely done by the manufacturer. Also, the voltages as applied to countries are also different. Hence, the step up transformer could be utilized here in Nigeria for transmitting power to a long distance.

1.6             APPLICATIONS OF STEP UP TRANSFORMERS
Applications of Step Up Transformers include:

• Step Up transformers are found in the electronic devices such as Inverters and Stabilizers where in the Transformers help in stabilizing the low voltage to the higher voltage.
• It is also used in the Electrical Distribution of Power

1.7                        PROJECT ORGANIZATION
The entire project is arranged in sections to allow proper report presentation and understanding. The first chapter: the introduction; defines some important concepts on the project and gives a brief description of the problems in the society which results in the need for underground cable fault detector, this also contains the objectives, scope and limitations of the project. The second chapter is the review of related literature which describes briefly the history and classification of developed fault location method. Chapter Three highlight design methodology. Chapter Four highlight on the implementation and testing. Chapter Five is all about the conclusions and recommendations.

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CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "design and construction of step up transformer with multiple out put" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "design and construction of step up transformer with multiple out put" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "design and construction of step up transformer with multiple out put" was reviewed.

CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "design and construction of step up transformer with multiple out put" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "design and construction of step up transformer with multiple out put" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.

CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "design and construction of step up transformer with multiple out put" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "design and construction of step up transformer with multiple out put" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work

CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of "design and construction of step up transformer with multiple out put" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "design and construction of step up transformer with multiple out put" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.

 

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