The paper presents the development of a manually operated hydraulic press which encompasses the design, fabrication and performance evaluation of the press. The components parts of the machine were designed using various design equations. The design results were used to select materials for various components. The detailed drawing of the developed machine was done using Pro E software. In fabricating the machine, mild steel was used as the locally sourced material. The use of mild steel is due to the fact that its strength, rigidity and machinability falls within the design specifications. Some components of the machine developed include; the frame, cylinder mounting table, press pin, working table/bed, hydraulic tank, and hand lever. Some of the bought out parts include: ram assembly, pressure hose, pressure indicator and hydraulic pump. In evaluating the performance of the machine developed, mild steel plate of length 220 mm, breadth 70 mm and thickness 20 mm was put on the machine working table. This piece of material was bent after pressing the hand lever. The pressure at which bending took place was read to be 50 bar as indicated on the pressure gauge. The machine developed was also used to press a sleeve of internal diameter of 85 mm and external diameter of 89 mm into the cylinder of an engine block at a pressure of 15 bar.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE
1.1      INTRODUCTION
1.1      OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
1.2      SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
1.3      SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
1.4     LIMITATION OF STREET LIGHTING
1.5   APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT

CHAPTER TWO
2.0     LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1      OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT
2.2      MACHINE WORKING PRINCIPLE
2.3      MACHINE APPLICATION

CHAPTER THREE
3.0     CONSTRUCTION
3.1      DESIGN ANALYSIS OF SOME MACHINE COMPONENTS
3.1.1. Machine Frame
3.1.2. Determination of Volume of Hydraulic Tank
3.1.3. Design for Bolts
3.1.4. Determination of Tensile Stress Due to Stretching of Bolt
3.1.5. Determination of Stress Area on the Bolt
3.1.6. Determination of Weight of the Piston of the Hydraulic Press
3.1.7. Determination of the Weight of Press Cylinder
3.1.8. Determination of Oil Flow Rate
3.2.     DETAILED DRAWINGS OF THE MACHINE
3.3.     MACHINE FABRICATION PROCESSES
3.4      ASSEMBLY AND WELDING OF MACHINE COMPONENTS
3.5     RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT ANALYSIS
4.0      COST ANALYSIS
4.1      LABOUR COST
4.3      OVERHEAD COST
4.4     SUMMARY OF COSTS

CHAPTER FIVE     
5.1      CONCLUSION
5.2      RECOMMENDATION
5.3      REFERENCES

  

CHAPTER ONE
1.1                                                        INTRODUCTION
Presses are pressure exerting machine tools. They are used in industry for the cold working of metallic object into a variety of shapes through operations such as blanking, piercing, chawing, forming, bending and shearing. It represents an important part of manufacturing industry being used for cheap production of large quantities of components such as motor car bodies, electric motor parts and domestic electrical appliances parts. All presses consist of a machine frame supporting a bed, a ram, a source of power and a prime mechanism. Orthodox press may be hydraulic or pneumatic or may be mechanical crank presses. Hydraulic deals with the law governing the equilibrium and motion of fluid and their application to the solution of specific problems in various fields of engineering [1].
The hydraulic press is an invaluable equipment in the workshop and laboratories especially for press fitting operations and for the deformation of materials such as in metal forming processes and material testing for strength [2]. A hydraulic press is a device using a hydraulic cylinder to generate a compressive force. It uses the hydraulic equivalent of a mechanical lever, and was also known as a Bramah press after the inventor, Joseph Bramah of England [3] . He invented and was issued a patent on this press in 1795. As Bramah (who is also known for his development of the flush toilet) installed toilets, he studied the existing literature on the motion of fluids and put this knowledge into the development of the press [4] . Hydraulic presses are preferred when very large nominal force is required [5] . Presses can be classified into three major categories as: hydraulic presses which operate on the principles of hydrostatic pressure, mechanical presses which utilize kinematic linkage of elements to transmit power and screw presses which use power screws to transmit power [6] .
The development of engineering over the years has been the study of finding ever more efficient and convenient means of pushing and pulling, rotating, thrusting and controlling load, ranging from a few kilograms to thousands of tons. Presses are widely used to achieve this [2] .
Several researches have been carried out on the design and fabrication of presses. [2] designed, constructed and tested a 40-ton hydraulic press using locally sourced materials. The principal parameters of the design included the maximum load (300 kN), the distance the load resistance has to move (piston stroke, 150 mm), the system pressure, the cylinder area and the volume flow rate of the working fluid.
[7] researched on Structural Optimization of 40 Ton Hydraulic Press and Scrap Baling Press for Cost Reduction by Topology. Suitable loads and constraints were applied on the initial design space of the components. An integrated approach was also developed to verify the structural performance by using ANSYS software. At the end, shape optimized design model was compared with the actual part that was being manufactured for the press. It was inferred that topology optimization results in a better and innovative product design. [8] designed and fabricated a Hydraulic Press for the Production of Kiln Shelves. The design and fabrication of the machine was done according to laid down engineering and industrial design procedures ethics and codes. [9] [10] worked on the Analysis and Structural Optimization of 5 Ton H-Frame Hydraulic Press. The report opined that using the optimum resources possible in designing the hydraulic presses frame can effect reduction in the cost of the hydraulic presses by optimizing the weight of material utilized for building the structure.
A critical look at mechanical workshops in Nigeria reveals that majority of press machines are imported into the country and this is done at high cost. Hence, it is expedient that more of such important machine be developed locally [2] . This work therefore presents the development of manually operated hydraulic press, which is of low cost, hydraulically operated and can compete favourably with imported press machines of the same designed capacity. The development of more of this machine will help to minimize high cost of purchasing and importation of this machine thereby strengthen our local manufacturing industries.

1.2                                             OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
This machine was aimed at easing the pain, stress, intensive labor, and time consumption encountered in the fiber extracting and pressing processes.

1.3                                         SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROHECT
The hydraulic press is ideal for preparing cotton fibre of very high density. This press uses 40 ton force to achieve densities not possible with manual pressing machines. This machine is
· Less labour intensive.
· Even dyeing result.
· Low maintenance cost.
· Eco-Friendly Machine.
· Increase productivity.

1.4                                                 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
Hydraulic hot press consists of a turning basket made of stainless steel.
Hydraulic pressing unit with press plate fixed on 4 points to insure solidity of pressing process which is mounted on a column. Hydraulic arm press the loose fiber by a press plate approximately same diameter of the cake itself Machine is equipped by a Hydraulic cylinder which controls the reverse forward movement of basket.

1.5                                          LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT

1. Speed. There are no hydraulic presses today that are as fast as the fastest mechanical presses. If speed is the sole requirement and the material feed stroke is relatively short, the mechanical press remains the best selection.
2. Stroke depth. If a limit switch is used to determine the bottom, the stroke depth is not likely to be controlled much closer than .020".

Many hydraulic presses can be set to reverse at a preselected pressure, which usually results in uniform parts.
Generally, if absolute stroke depth accuracy is required, "kiss" blocks must be provided in the tooling.

1. Automatic feeding equipment. Hydraulic presses require some external or auxiliary power to feed stock. The feeder must have its own power, and must be integrated with the press control system.

There is, however, an increasing selection of self-powered feeding systems available: roll feeds, hitch feeds, and air feeds.

1. Shock after breakthrough in blanking. Both mechanical and hydraulic presses experience this problem. But, the hydraulic system of a hydraulic press must also be isolated from the shock associated with decompression. If the hydraulic system does not contain an antishock feature, this shock can affect the lines and fittings.

1.6                                         APPLICATIONS OF THE PROJECT
Hydraulic presses are commonly used for forging, clinching, moulding, blanking, punching, deep drawing, and metal forming operations.[3][4] With the growth and importance of light-weighting in the aerospace and automotive industry, more applications are present in Thermoplastics, Composites, Sheet Molded Composites, Resin Transfer Molding, Glass Mat Transfer and Carbon Fiber Molding.

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