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TITLE PAGE

 

BY

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--/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---

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APPROVAL PAGE

This is to certify that the research work, "design and fabrication of a four wheeled hybrid (solar-electric powered) mobility scooter" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.

By
---                                                     . ---
Supervisor                                                  Head of Department.
Signature……………….                           Signature……………….        

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External Invigilator

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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.

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This work is on a four-wheeledsolar electric powered mobility scooter for handicapped and aged for indoor and outdoor use.Moreover, it has been specifically designed for a particular patient who is disabled by lowerlimbs.Thereforewehavemadeitcustomizedthatisaccordingtothepatientbodydimensions,needs or requirements. In this project, the electric scooter circuits were designed and madesimple to operate. Other than that, the maintenance of the designed electric scooter in thisprojectislowbecausethecomponentsusedareconnectedtoonesetofbatteries.Propercircuitdiagrams and connections were made using various electronic components to solve the issueofoperatingtwocontrollersthroughasinglethrottleandreversingofthemotor.This machine can berecharged from any external source of electricity, and the electricity is stored in   a rechargeable battery, whichprovides power to one or more electricmotors to attainmovement. Electric motorcycles, asdifferentiated fromscooters, do not have a step-through frame. The electricity generated from an external source helps in acceleration ofthe motorcycle. The speed of this cycle is limited and the electricity is generated using a solar panel. The generatedelectricity is stored using a battery and the locomotion and movement of the vehicle is hence propelled using a motor.Thecycleneednotbecontinuouslyfedwithsolarenergyinordertogainthecapacitytorun.Itgetsitsenergyfromthe batteries where the energy is stored.                   

                
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

1. PROBLEM STATEMENT
2. AIM/OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
3. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
4. APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
5. PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

1. REVIEW OF THE STUDY
2. TYPES OF SCOOTER
3. HISTORITICAL BACKGROUND OF PHOTOVOTAIC CELL
4. THEORETICAL REVIEW OF SOLAR CELL
5. REVIEW OF SOLAR CELL EFFICIENCY
6. REVIEW OF SOLAR CELL MATERIALS
7. REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY

1. SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
2. COMPONENTS OF TRANSMISSIONSYSTEM
3. MOTORSELECTION
4. BATTERYSELECTION
5. SOLARCELLS
6. ELECTRICALCIRCUITS
7. STEERINGSYSTEM

CHAPTER FOUR

1. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
2. COST DETAILS
3. ADVANTAGES
4. DISADVANTAGES

CHAPTER FIVE

1. CONCLUSION
2. FUTURE SCOPE
3. RECOMMENDATION

REFERENCES

CHAPTERONE
1.0                                    INTRODUCTION
1.1                      BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Disabled people and the elderly need to face their daily life just like normal people.But, they need to be assisted by others to move back and forth. But, it is not always possible for people to assist the mall the time. By having a mobility scooter, they can move every where by themselves. Although nowadays there are many assistive mobility that exist for disabledpeople such as manual wheelchair but they may be reluctant to use because it makes themdifferent from normal person. So, a trendy look like scooter can increase their confidence to mingle like anormal person.
Assistive and small sit-down motor scooters provide important advantages to peoplewith mobility problem throughout the world. Scooters are a subclass of motorcycles and are very popular as urban and rural means of transportation. There are several types of scooters that we will find zooming up and down the highways and city streets.
A scooter is also useful for person without the stamina or arm flexibility necessary touse a manual wheelchair. Swiveling the seat of an electric scooter is generally easier than moving the foot supports on most conventional wheel chairs. Amobility scooter is very helpful for persons with systemicor whole-body disabling conditions.
The aim of the project is to design a scooter with renewable solar energy. Solar Bike aims to be a smallresearch and development business that develops renewable technology and helps everyone start riding electricbicycles around rather than using their cars. We firmly believe that using solar powered bicycles is one of thebest methods of reducing our dependence on fossil fuels and minimizing environmental damage caused bycarbondioxide emissions.
A solar panel is a flat rectangular shaped device, typically somewhere between the size of a radiator and the sizeof a door, made up of many individual photovoltaic energy collectors called solar cells covered with a sheet ofglass on its surface. The cells, each of which is about the size of a palm of an adult, are usually octagonal inshape and colored bluish black. Similar to the cells in a battery, the cells inside a solar panel are designed togenerate electricity; but where a battery's cells make electricity from chemicals, a solar panel's cells produce power by capturing sunlight instead. They are sometimes called photovoltaic cells because they use sunlight("photo"comesfrom the Greek word for light) to make electricity (the word"voltaic"is a reference to electricity pioneer AlessandroVolta).
In this project we are going to use solar panel and DC hub motor. The voltage generated by the solar panel isstored in battery (48V/20AH) through charging circuit. From the battery, power will be supplied to the DC hubmotor (48V/200W) through accelerator followed by gate switch. The purpose of gate switch is when break isapplied then automatically it opens the connection between motor and accelerometer.
The wheel hub motor is an electric motor that is incorporated into the hub of a wheel and drives it directly. Hubmotor electromagnetic fields are supplied to the stationary windings of the motor. The outer part of the motor inturn follows, those fields, turning the wheel attached.

1.2                                 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Nowadays, small scooter becomes popular especially during recreation time, relaxing and for human exercise after they had faced their office job. There is a lot of scooter type around us like have seated or stand while riding the scooter. Most of that is operation by motor electric or just using our leg to move scooter like playing skate board.
Conventionally, these types of vehicles are hard to use with the help of justmechanical energy. The energy we get from human effort. But when energy is converted using solar energy and abattery, it becomes more easy and helpful in the propulsion of the motorcycle. The motorcycle, not using an engine,becomes an effective way of road transport as it causes no pollution. It is eco-friendly and it definitely reduces human effort.

1.3                    AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
Scooters are built to make a disabled or aged person to be self-dependent. The main aim of the project is to design a scooter with renewable solar energy.
The objectives are:

1.  To design and fabricate a four wheel hybrid scooter powered by both solar and electric energy.
2. To carry out cost and economic analysis of a hybrid scooter.
3. To supports disabled and elder people at the lowest cost possible.
4. To reduce the use of non-renewable energy sources
5. To control the pollution

1.4                                 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The concept of design and fabrication of hybrid vehicle was mainly intended for disabled people and the elderly. It is a vehicle which is solar powered by solar and electrical energy. This vehicle is an electric vehicle powered by solar energy obtained from solar panels on the surface of the vehicle. Solar vehicles are not practical day-to-day transportation devices at present, but are used as primary demonstration vehicle and for engineering exercises. The battery is the energy storage device which can store charge from single-phase 230 V wall socket or through the solar panel. A BLDC motor is the prime mover, and it drives the vehicle with the support of two wheels. This vehicle has the capability to carry weights up to limits of 150 kg and can travel at speeds of 40 km/h. It is designed as user-friendly which is free from pollution, and it is different from conventional vehicles.

1.5                          APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
This machine was purposely made for the disabled and aged. However, it can be used for transportation on airports, colleges and at places of tourist’s interests.  It can also be used at the places where is the risk of contamination due to emission.

1.6                                     PROJECT ORGANISATION

The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study,  chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1CONCLUSION

Solar energy, a renewable source of energy is an upcoming form, which if properly used, can give riseto tremendous energy which can further be used in different forms. Research is still in progress on applicationslike solar powered automobiles, solar powered steam turbines, etc. A solar electric scooter, is a basic type ofautomobile which can run both on solar power as well as electricity. With an unhealthy hike in the prices ofpetrol anddiesel, an automobile running on solarpowercan create a trend. This kind of a scooteris userfriendly. It is very simple to use andmanage. It comes at an affordable cost and the per unit electricityconsumption is very less. It can be used even during the times when there is no sunlight. Because, the sun’senergy trapped by the solar panel can be efficiently converted in electrical energy and stored in a battery. Theimportance of these kinds of applications is gradually increasing with the diminishing non renewable energy sources like fossil fuel sand the like.

5.2                                             FUTURE SCOPE

In this project we are using solar panel for charging a Lead Acid Battery (12V,1.2 Amp hrs), a Peltierthermoelectricdevicewhichwhenconnectedtobatterygeneratescoolingeffectononesideandheatisdissipatedon other side through heat sink, a cooling fan is used for dissipation of heat from the heat sink. A regulator 7803isused to drive the internalcoolingfanandLED.
The temperature sensor LM35 senses the temperature and converts it into an electrical signal, which is thenapplied to the micro controller. The sensed values of the temperature are displayed on the 16x2-line LCD. The range of temperatures of the sensor is10 C to 2550C.

• Safety devices such as air bags, GPS etc.canal so be employed.
• Facility to send emergency messages.
• A remote controller can be used to control its functions.

5.2                                     RECOMMENDATIONS
The device (hybrid mobility scooter) has been designed, tested and system was able to respond to its operation. This work was built with quality, metal and wiring and contains many connections, I recommend that if failure occur, it should be troubleshoot by a qualify personnel along with the circuits diagram.
Working on this topic (hybrid mobility scooter) as my project is a good idea and it comes at the right time. I am suggesting that this particular topic should also be given to other students both in higher and lower class.

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CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "design and fabrication of a four wheeled hybrid (solar-electric powered) mobility scooter" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "design and fabrication of a four wheeled hybrid (solar-electric powered) mobility scooter" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "design and fabrication of a four wheeled hybrid (solar-electric powered) mobility scooter" was reviewed.

CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "design and fabrication of a four wheeled hybrid (solar-electric powered) mobility scooter" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "design and fabrication of a four wheeled hybrid (solar-electric powered) mobility scooter" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.

CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "design and fabrication of a four wheeled hybrid (solar-electric powered) mobility scooter" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "design and fabrication of a four wheeled hybrid (solar-electric powered) mobility scooter" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work

CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of "design and fabrication of a four wheeled hybrid (solar-electric powered) mobility scooter" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "design and fabrication of a four wheeled hybrid (solar-electric powered) mobility scooter" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.

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