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TITLE PAGE

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF A MOBILE REFRIGERATOR

BY

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EE/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ---
SCHOOL OF --
INSTITUTE OF ---

DECEMBER,2018

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APPROVAL PAGE

This is to certify that the research work, "design and fabrication of a mobile refrigerator" by ---, Reg. No. EE/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a B.Sc on --- has been approved.

By
Dr. ---                                                    Dr. ---
Supervisor                                                  Head of Department.
Signature……………….                           Signature……………….        

……………………………….
 Dr. ---
External Invigilator

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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.

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PROJECT DESCRIPTION: This work “design and fabrication of a mobile refrigerator ” research material is a complete and well researched project material strictly for academic purposes, which has been approved by different Lecturers from different higher institutions. We made Preliminary pages, Abstract and Chapter one of “the rate and causes of infant mortality in edo state (case study of irrua specialist teaching hospital)” visible for everyone, then the complete material on “the rate and causes of infant mortality in edo state (case study of irrua specialist teaching hospital)” is to be ordered for. Happy viewing!!!

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To contribute to the development of Engineering and Technology innovations. The research work carried out in this project will help greatly in that direction. We emphasized mainly on modern methods by which a refrigerator can be operated and maintained we also included the method used in design and fabrication, assembly and arriving at knowing the safety requirement.
During the process of production of this refrigerator, cost estimate is taken into consideration with durability of materials, portability of the product was also considered. 

NOMENCLATURE
M      =       Mass
A       =       Area
S       =       Entropy
V       =       Volume
M      =       Mass Flow Rate
D       =       Diameter
G       =       Gravity
V        =       Density
T       =       Temperature
H       =       Enthalpy Difference
Q       =       Heat Quantity
M      =       Latent Heat of Fusion
gr      =       Equivalent Load
L       =       Length
P       =       Pressure
U       =       Internal Energy
R       =       Thermal Conductivity
X       =       Thickness of Material   
COP  =       Co-efficient of Performance
Q       =       Heat Transfer Per Area
HP     =       Horse Power
Vs     =       Swept Volume
AC    =       Alternative Current
C       =       Specific Heat
O       =       Gauge

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
RELEASE PAGE
SIGNATURE PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION
• BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
• PROBLEM STATEMENT
• AIM OF THE PROJECT
• OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
• GENERAL TECHNICAL EXPLANATION OF REFRIGERATING SYSTEM
• PURPOSE OF CONSTRUCTION
• IMPORTANCE AND SPECIFICATION OF THE PROJECT
• SCOPE AND LIMITATION
• LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT
• PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO

• LITERATURE REVIEW
• THE REVERSE CARNOT CYCLE
• MODIFICATION OF THE IDEAL CYCLE VAPOUR COMPRESSION CYCLE
• CONDITION OF REFRIGERANTS IN COMPRESSIVE INLET
• DEFINITIONS OF TERMS 

CHAPTER THREE    
3.0     DETAILED INFORMATION NEEDED FOR THE CONSTRUCTION/CONSIDERATION OF THE PRINCIPLE

• SAFETY CONSIDERATION
• UNIT DESCRIPTION
• METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION AND PROCEDURES
• FITTING OF THE EVAPORATOR
• OTHER ASSEMBLY

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0     MOBILE CALCULATION AND ANALYSIS

• HEAT LEAKAGE THROUGH AND BOUNDARY
• THE PRODUCT LOAD
• CO-EFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE

CHAPTER FIVE

• DEFROSTING
• ANALYSIS AND MATERIAL COST VALUE
• LABOUR COST
• RECOMMENDATION
• COMPLAINTS, CAUSES AND REMEDY

REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

•                                       INTRODUCTION

1.1                       BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
It was noticed that people living in the regions close to ice line, that the flesh of animals, or fish caught during the winter kept well, while those caught during the summer decayed as the snow melts.
The value of ice as a preservative was known and put into use some thousands of years ago. In winter it was cut, and moved into ice house which was built into the ground to make use of the insulating properties of tyer soil; such structures was described as shin chiny by Chinese poet.
Also, in the Middle East, and India, water was chilled by evaporating it through porous clay ports, which were buried overnight in favourable conditions, it could be made cooled enough to form ice.
About 1748, William Cullen made the first move toward the use of a modern system by investigating the effect of evaporating ethyl either into a partial vacuum. Not until 1834 that Jacob Perkins patented a closed – cycle refrigeration system using a compressor. It also patented a high pressure hot water heating circuit the same year.
An air – cycle plant for making ice and to cool air for circulating was developed by John Girrie ten years later, through his hospital in flourish. This was the beginning of the race with new beginning of new Engineering innovations following quickly after new scientific theories. Much development work was found on vapour compression system in 1850’s
James Harrison units for meat freezing and brewery applications in Australia while twinning ice – making equipments earned round in USA.
The introduction of ammonia as a refrigerant enabled efficiency and reliability to be improved in later years. This new founding inspired new generation of reciprocation compressors which was used by Ferdinand Carrie in the first viable absorption refrigeration system.
In the 19th century, refrigeration cam of age due to some work by William Thompson who later became Lord Kelvin. The products of his Long Life (1832 – 1907), reflect many interests ranging from refrigeration’s to telegraphy. In retrospect, refrigerating or refrigerants did more that anything to hold up the development of refrigeration. Many of those refrigerants were poisonous or explosive or both, while others functions only at pressure so high as to require compressors and system components to be constructed like battleships, with prime movers to match it.
In 1928, the vice president of united state of America became convinced that refrigeration could get nowhere unless a new refrigerant could be found to substitute the poisonous ammonia.
This problem was passed to research chemist Thomas Midgely; Midgley and his associales Hennece and Mc Nary had an idea of using a compound containing fluorine to solve the problem. It took them only two days to find it. This was done by removing two atoms of chlorine from tetrachlornmethan (carbon tetrachloride) molecules and replacing them with two atoms of fluorine to make the compound dichlorodifluro methan CC12F2.
Tests confirmed this compound to be suitable, non – flammable and usually low level toxic. This new refrigerant was name frron 12 (R12) by the sole administrator of the company. It enables equipment manufactures to think in terms of smaller and highly built compressors and system components than the previous ones. Some of the properties of R12 that made it more acceptable are:-

• It does not attack coppers
• it is not toxic
• it is not explosive

can be used for both air – conditioning as well as refrigeration. This development was restricted by the 2nd world war.
The end of the war made manufacturing facilities available and there was a boom in refrigeration and air – conditioning which has continued up to this day. The boom up to the domestic appliances revolutionized the refrigeration industry and its commercial outlets. Bigg4er and better cold stores were needed at the deck certainly, but new cold stores were demanded by complete distribution, chains refrigeration was not for imported foods alone. Demand came all sides plant to freeze vegetables close to the fields.
These were other areas for expansion apart from food, to answer medical needs for blood banks, for antibiotic, for making ice for compresses and low temperature surgery and for preserving certain tissues that pathologists worked on.

1.2                         STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The most common uses of this mechanized refrigeration are the preservation of perishable goods more especially food stuffs, cooling of drinks etc. In serving both functions and considering the area and situations of need such as resort centers, student hostels, single room apartment etc. Hence the need arises more than ever to design mobile cooling and freezing system of acceptable standard that will meet certain essential requirements such as cost effectiveness and portability.

1.3                                  AIM OF THE PROJECT
This work focuses attention on a detailed report and account on the process of construction and formulation of plan for the actual and physical realization of the construction of the project work captioned fabrication and construction of a mobile cooling system.

1.4                         OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
The main objectives of this project are to achieve the following viz:

• To construct and fabricate a portable domestic cooling equipment that would be easy to be moved to any convenient position.
• To construct a cooling/freezing system that is efficient with little or no complexity in maintenance.
• To construct cooling system that will be mobile, economic and cost effective that even a common man can afford.
• To produce a machine that will make life easier and more comfortable to live, even in a hot environment, and season.
• To construct a portable cooling system equipment with a reduced weight.

1.5. GENERAL TECHNICAL EXPLANATION OF REFRIGERATING SYSTEM
A vapor-compression cycle is used in most household refrigerators, refrigerator-freezers and freezers. In this cycle, a circulating refrigerant such as R-134a enters a compressor as low-pressure vapor at or slightly below the temperature of the refrigerator interior. The vapor is compressed and exit the compressor at a very high-pressure superheated vapor, the superheated vapor travels under pressure through coils or tubes that makes up the condenser, the coil or tube are passively cooled by exposure to air in the room. The condenser cools the vapor which liquefies.
As the refrigerant leaves the condenser, it is still under pressure but it is slightly above the room temperature of the system. The liquid refrigerant is forced through a metering or throttling device, also known as the expansion valve (essentially a pin-hole sized construction in the tubing) to an area of much lower pressure. The sudden decrease in pressure result in explosive-liked flash evaporation of a portion (typically about half) of the liquid. The latent heat absorbed by the flash evaporation is drawn mostly from adjacent still-fluid refrigerant, a phenomenon known as auto-refrigeration. This cold and partially vaporized refrigerant continues through the coil or tubes of the evaporator unit, a fan blows air from the refrigerator or freezer compartment (box air) across these coils or tubes and the refrigerant completely vaporizes, drawing further heat from the box air.
The cooled air is returned to the refrigerator or freezer compartment, and so keeps the box air cold. But the cooled air in the refrigerator or freezer compartment is still warmer than the refrigerant in the evaporator. The refrigerant leaves the evaporator, now fully vaporized and slightly heated, and returns to the compressor inlet to continue the cycle.

1.6                          PURPOSE OF CONSTRUCTION
The aim and purpose of which this project is designed is to build a cooling and freezing equipment that will be mobile, economical and cost effective.

1.7    IMPORTANCE AND SPECIFICATION OF THE PROJECT
The importance attached to this design accomplishment of a fast cooling and freezing system without adverse effect on the food tissue, flavours, fleshiness, and natural nutrients of the food materials. The design intentions are based on reduced cost, longer life spans, fast freezing and cooling techniques, compactness, probability, easy of mobility and more of improving on the existing design taking into consideration the Nigeria factor and possibility of expending and marketability.
The specifications were obtained considering the items, which are to be cooled or preserved. Also the dimensions of the framework and the covering sheets were also considered immensely.
The component part for the design of the middle cooling system includes:
The Compressors or the Engine
The Condenser
The Capillary tube
The Evaporator
Refrigerant
Relay
Drier Strainer or Drier
Thermostat
Lubricating Oil
Rubber seal
Fibre of lagging material
Mild steel-square pipe
Metal sheets of mild steel / galvanized – sheet
Rollers
Filler
Metal
Coal Materials
Plastic guilders
Metal screw nails

1.8                               SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
Refrigeration consist of three main categories which include –
Domestic refrigeration
Industrial refrigeration
Commercial refrigeration
The design scope of the cooling and freezing systems or mobile refrigerator is mainly for commercial domestic reasons due to the movable nature and freezing capacity.
The limitations, is the specification in terms of the size, area and capacity that determines the limitation of the design of the machine. In an industrial situation or uses or purpose where bigger refrigeration units are needed or required, the specification of this equipment may not be ideal (i.e. it might not be suitable).

1.9                        LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT
Inaccessibility of a 12 volts DC compressor.
Inaccessibility of a poly-foam for insulation.
Lack of sophisticated workshop tools for machining.

1.10                               PROJECT ORGANISATION

The article is divided into five sections including this introduction. Section 2 is on the trend and causes of oil spillage in Nigeria whereas the study area and method of data collection are in Section 3. Results of findings are discussed in Section 4. The way forward is and conclusion in Section 5.

CHAPTER TWO: The complete chapter two of “design and fabrication of a mobile refrigerator” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of “design and fabrication of a mobile refrigerator” consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on “design and fabrication of a mobile refrigerator "

CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of “design and fabrication of a mobile refrigerator ” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of “design and fabrication of a mobile refrigerator” consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.

CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "design and fabrication of a mobile refrigerator ” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of “design and fabrication of a mobile refrigerator” consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work

CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of design and construction of a “design and fabrication of a mobile refrigerator ” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of “design and fabrication of a mobile refrigerator” consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.

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