The process of palm kernel oil extraction existed since early human civilization. In ancient times, palm kernel oil extraction process merely involves the cleaning of palm kernels and grinded with the use of grinders or stone mills. In modern times, with the advancement of science and technology, palm kernel screw press and palm kernel oil extracting machines are introduced, which offer a much efficient solution in extracting palm kernel oil.  This machine is fabricated and evaluated for small and medium scale palm fruit processors in order to mechanize the extraction process and increase production output. The major components of the machine are standing frame, threaded sha ft, speed reduction gear motor, driving & driven pulley and discharge outlet. The highest oil extraction ratio (OER) of 17.90% and oil extraction efficiency (OEE) of 79.56% were obtained at the sterilization time of 60 min, digestion time of 10 min and screw speed of 10 rpm.

 

CHAPTER ONE
1.0                                                        INTRODUCTION
Palm kernel oil has a great use both in edible and non-edible fields in homes and industries in Nigeria. Its extraction has been in low capacity per production run. According to Anaekwe, 2011, it is generally believed that  no part of the oil palm tree is useless. After the processing of the fresh fruit bunch to yield palm oil, the product that is left is the shelled palm nut which can be cracked to yield the palm kernel nut and the shell. While the shells can be used as fuels and road construction, though the market is not well developed in the country, the palm kernel nut can be crushed and processed to yield palm kernel oil and cake.  “Oil” is a collective term for more or less viscous, generally organic-chemical liquids. Depending on their chemical composition, a distinction may be drawn between fatty, essential, mineral and silicone oils.
Palm kernel oil is a white to yellowish oil of vegetable origin which is solid at normal temperatures and is obtained from the kernels of the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis).

1.1                                         BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
Today, palm kernel oil extracting machines play a vital role in Nigeria.As we all know, palm kernels contain some amount of oil in them, which can be extracted by crushing them usinbg palm kelnel oil extracting machines. A palm kernel screw press is a mechanical machine that is used to extract palm kernel oil by applying intense pressure to palm kernels. During earlier times, traditional methods of grinding were used as a method of palm kernel oil extraction, but these methods did not produce as effective results as the modern palm kernel oil extracting machines do.

1.2                                                 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The palm kernel oil extracting machines  comprise primarily of pressing stations, coupling, gearbox, pulley and belt, and a motor.
The palm kernel oil extracting machines is designed with the main shaft directly driven by a coupling affixed to the gearbox. Thus, it has a simple structure by eliminating the extra gear set needed.
The automated palm kernel oil extracting machines  are designed to protect the gearbox from breaking  or the main shaft or bearing from malfunctioning.
Thus, our palm kernel oil extracting machines are well known for being the most efficient and cost effective in the industry.

1.3                                             OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
Palm kernel oil is one of the best oils. Palm kernel oil is different from palm oil, which is obtained from the flesh of the fruit. The design objective in this case is to redesign and fabricate a palm kernel oil extraction plant (mechanical) that will produce 200kg of palm kernel oil per day using palm kernel. In the extraction of palm kernel oil, many processes are involved namely: Traditional, solvent extraction and mechanical extraction methods.

1.4                                         SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
In this design and fabrication, the method used is the mechanical extraction method, because it is suitable for production of small and large quantities of palm kernel oil. Its time rate is faster and much manual labour is not required; therefore, it is cheaper than traditional method which requires more manual labour. This work which is a pilot plant for the mechanical extraction of 200kg of palm kernel oil from palm kernel arose from the need to:
This work which is a pilot plant for the mechanical extraction of 200kg of palm kernel oil from palm kernel arose from the need to:

• Have a functional PKO extractor so as to reduce/minimize production cost of palm kernel oil extraction locally.
• Produce high quality and quantity of palm kernel oil within a specified time interval. The problems identified from the previous design were:
• Large mesh size.
• Low power output from electric motor.
• The crusher cannot be driven by the gear.
• The hopper is large.
• The crusher is long.

 

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