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TITLE PAGE

 

BY

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--/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---

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APPROVAL PAGE

This is to certify that the research work, "design and implimentation of a 200a automatic changeover switch with phase selector and power failure alarm" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.

By
---                                                     . ---
Supervisor                                                  Head of Department.
Signature……………….                           Signature……………….        

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External Invigilator

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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.

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This project work is on the design and construction of automatic changeover switch with phase selector and power failure alarm. It provides a means of switching from one phase of AC mains to another in the case of failure in the existing phase; it also changeover to generator if there is failure in all the three phases of the AC mains. The circuit also senses the restoration of any or all the three phases of the mains and changeover without any notice of power outage. This project has been improved on the existing types of electromechanical device that has being in use over the years.
Hence this has been achieved by the use of operational amplifier, timing circuit and high current relay switches and it is powered by 12V dc power supply. The aim of this work is to design and construct an Auto Phase Selector introduces an automatic solution to overcome power fluctuation/phase interruption by selecting next most healthy available phase to feed the equipment without any notice of power outage. The function of power failure alarm is to inform the loss of power supply in the whole system.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRCT
TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION
• BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
• AIM/OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
• PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
• STATEMENT OF PPROBLEM
• LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
• APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
• DEFINITION OF TERMS
• PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0     LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1     REVIEW OF ELECTRICAL PHASES
2.2     REVIEW OF THREE-PHASE ELECTRIC POWER
2.3      REVIEW OF CAUSES OF POWER FAILURES
2.4       POWER SUPPLY RELIABILITY

CHAPTER THREE

3.0      CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY

3.1      BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM

3.2     CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3.3     CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
3.4     SYSTEM OPERATION
3.5      COMPONENTS LIST
3.6DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR COMPONENTS USED

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0       RESULT ANALYSIS

4.1     CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
4.2     ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
4.3     CONSRUCTION OF THE CASING
4.4     ECONOMIC OF THE PROJECT
4.5     PROJECT VIABILITY
4.6     PROJECT RELIABILITY
4.7     PROJECT MAINTAINABILITY
4.8      PROJECT EVALUATION
4.9     TESTING, TROUBLESHOOTING AND REMEDY

CHAPTER FIVE

• CONCLUSIONS
• RECOMMENDATION

5.3     REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

•                                              INTRODUCTION

In Nigeria today the problems of power outage across phases is so rampant thus leading to some sensitive equipment and appliances being redundant, this could sometimes be the cause of one phase going out with respect to the other.
It may surprise one to note that in an attempt to solve this problems, so many unskilled electricity consumers has  in recent past resorted to some crude means of swapping between phases to obtain power. So many souls have been lost in this act. This is an undesirable condition to consumers and the need now arises to design a device that can automatically select among the phases and make power supply available at the consumers terminal.

However, this can only be possible if one have a three phase met or and there is supply from any of the service line or the entire line, this project known as a three phase automatic phase selector has been constructed with a view of solving the problems stated above. The design and construction was based on the principle of Electro magneto-Dynamism and alignment as demonstrated in the contactor arrangement.

Among other components are the timers miniature-circuit breakers the contactors and indicator bulbs, the ease with which the device is operated is well elaborated to ensure simplicity effort were made to present a stop by step operation of the project. As much as there is no project without limitation and applications, we have as well dedicated a section of this paper to look into it.

In order to ease the effort of technicians in restoring the devices should there be any malfunction associated.
Faults and how they are cleared is presented, however, there are no user serviceable parts in the device therefore all maintenance should be referred to a qualified electrical personnel.
For us to be notified when the power off condition has occurred a power failure signal device is attached to the system. This system indicates when there is power failure through alarm indication. As soon as the system experiences power failure you will receive a signal from an alarm.
Power Outage signal notifies you by alarm when your electrical equipment suffers a power outage. If you have important equipment running and want to know if there has been a power cut while you're not around, this app can help. From Freezers to Fish Tanks and all things electrical, Power Outage Alarm can provide you with additional peace of mind.
Power failure may be caused by various factors: an overload on the power plant, a thunderstorm, cable breakage during excavations. Whatever the reason you will be notified as soon as the power failure occurred in your remote area and you can act accordingly. This system also will give a notification when the power was restored.
Power Outage Alarm works happily in the background on your Android device and will keep monitoring even when your device is asleep and the screen is off.

1.2                                          OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The objective of this work is to design a200Adevice that will overcome power fluctuation phase interruption by selecting next most healthy available phase to feed the equipment.The power failure alarm triggers a buzzer when the mains supply cuts off. Once the buzzer sounds, one will know that there is a loss of power supply and actions need to be taken to rectify the situation by providing alternative power supply or relocating the installation.
1.3                                      SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
Industries require three phases power to run their machinery. Some of them require continuous \ uninterrupted power to maintain their data. Auto phase selector unit for those equipment whose supply is single phase. The single phase supply is selected automatically from three phases supply.     
Auto Phase Selector introduces an automatic solution to overcome power fluctuation \ phase interruption by selecting next most healthy available phase to feed the equipment.
A power cut may have cut the heater off in the greenhouse, a fan off in a computer room, it may have caused a computer to fail, there are hundreds of reasons that you need to know if there is or has been a power failure. This device is designed to inform you when the power has failed.
1.4                                     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS
In every home, office or industries, automatic phase selector plays a vital role, that is, It provides a means of switching from one phase of AC mains to another in the case of failure in the existing phase; This project has been improved on the existing types of electromechanical device that has being in use over the years.       
In the course of designing this project, different kinds of problem was notice such as:

• Difficulty in troubleshooting with circuit without the circuit diagram
• Difficulty in connecting the output without the three phases short-circuiting, until a multiplexing circuit was gotten.
• Difficult in wiring because of the strong wiring the project required..

1.5                            SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
This work covers only a three phase automatic phase selector which can only be used for providing a means of switching from one phase of AC mains to another in the case of failure in the existing phase and, which also give indication when power fails in the whole phases.
1.6                                           PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The purpose of the project is to provide the supply for the single phase load from the one of the active phase of the 3-phase supply and, which also give indication when power fails in the whole phases.
1.7                                         APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
Some common examples of entities that implement automatic switches out of necessity are: hospitals, data centers, jails and prisons, fire departments, defense organizations, and police departments.
1.8                                   DEFINITION OF TERMS
CHANGEOVER: Generally, a changeover switch is a system which could be operated manually or automatically , that changes one source of power supply to another source in case of power failure from either of the two sources.
RELAY: relay is one of the major components used in this work which is an electrical device, typically incorporating an electromagnet, which is activated by a current or signal in one circuit to open or close another circuit.
POWER FLUCTUATIONS: is a periodic dip or spikes in the electrical current of any given circuit.
POWER FAILURE: is a short- or long-term loss of the electric power to an area.    
1.9                          PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION
The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:
Chapter one of this works is on the introduction to changeover switch. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of changeover switch with phase selector and power failure alarm were discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review of changeover switch. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.
Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.

Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.

CHAPTER FIVE
5.1                                                       CONCLUSION
The mains supply in Nigeria fluctuates widely due to overloading, ageing and improper distribution of loads among the three phases of the consumers' substation transformer.
Appliances such as video cassette player, television as well as those containing compressors like air conditioners, refrigerators, etc could be damaged due to this variation and fluctuation in voltage mains.
The automatic three-phase selector is an electronic circuit that is capable of detecting voltage levels by means of a controller that does some level of comparison before initializing a logic combinational circuit that does some logic combination before initializing an electronic relay switch action. The relay is energize only when the mains voltage is within an accepted predetermined limit, outside of which relay remains dormant .voltage levels below the desired range is ignored. This device is designed to work with a 3-phase input signal. The device functions in the form of an automatic electronic switch, switching between three potentials, with the aim of supplying the highest potential to the load.

5.2                                                RECOMMENDATION
Use relay contacts of proper rating and fuses should be able to take-on the load when transferred from other phases. While wiring, assembly and installation of the circuit, make sure that you:
1. Use good-quality, multi-strand insulated copper wire suitable for your current requirement.
2. Use good-quality relays with proper contact and current rating.
3. Mount the transformer(s) and relays on a suitable cabinet. Use a Tag Block(TB) for incoming/outgoing connections from mains.

EFY Note: 1. During testing in the lab, we used a 12V, 200-ohm, single phase change over relay with 6A currentrating. Similarly, ampere-rated fuses were used.
2. If the input voltage is low in two phases, loads L1 and L2 may also be connected to the third phase. In that situation, a high-rating fuse will be required at the input of the third phase which is taking the total load.

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CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "design and implimentation of a 200a automatic changeover switch with phase selector and power failure alarm" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "design and implimentation of a 200a automatic changeover switch with phase selector and power failure alarm" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "design and implimentation of a 200a automatic changeover switch with phase selector and power failure alarm" was reviewed.

CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "design and implimentation of a 200a automatic changeover switch with phase selector and power failure alarm" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "design and implimentation of a 200a automatic changeover switch with phase selector and power failure alarm" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.

CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "design and implimentation of a 200a automatic changeover switch with phase selector and power failure alarm" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "design and implimentation of a 200a automatic changeover switch with phase selector and power failure alarm" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work

CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of "design and implimentation of a 200a automatic changeover switch with phase selector and power failure alarm" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "design and implimentation of a 200a automatic changeover switch with phase selector and power failure alarm" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.

 

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