DESIGN AND PRODUCTION OF CEILING BOARD USING PLASTER OF PARIS (POP) GYPSUM MATERIAL
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TITLE PAGE
BY
---
--/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work ''design and production of ceiling board using plaster of paris (pop) gypsum material'' by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
By
--- . ---
Supervisor Head of Department.
Signature………………. Signature……………….
……………………………….
---
External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
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This project, Design and production of ceiling board using Plaster of Paris (POP) Gypsum materials. Gypsum is basically the raw material required in the manufacturing Plaster of Paris (POP) which posses an outstanding property and a good material for producing ceiling board.
The materials procured for the project are plaster of Paris, fiber, water and mould. The equipment used for the project are scrapper, measuring tape, mixing bowl, bucket. Firstly, water was poured into the container (mixing bowl) and plaster of Paris sprinkled, two minutes was waited for absorption and then the mortar was mixed with hand and shaked vigorously to obtain a fully homogeneous mixture and thereafter the mortar was sprayed on the mould and fiber was added which serves as reinforcement.
Water absorption test was carried out on the sample and the result indicated that plaster of Paris (POP) ceiling board has an average 8.4 percent water absorptivity compare to Asbestos with 0.5 percent. Therefore plaster of paris (POP) ceiling board absorb water readily in case there is water leakage of the roof. Flexural strength test was carried out and the result obtained showed that plaster of paris (POP) ceiling board has a mean flexural strength of 11.4 N/mm2 and Asbestos has an average flexural strength of about 1.00 N /mm2.
To this end, it is proved that plaster of paris (POP) ceiling board posses sufficient strength and it is durable for Civil Engineering works.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
Table of contents vi
List of plates ix
List of tables x
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Statement of problem 3
1.2 Aim and Objectives 3
1.3 Justification of study 3
1.4 Scope of the study 4
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review 5
2.1 History of Gypsum 6
2.2 Old use of Gypsum 7
2.3 Modern use of Gypsum 8
2.4 Gypsum Credential 9
2.5 Gypsum product and its unique properties 10
2.5.1 Fire Resistance 10
2.5.2 Acoustic Properties 11
2.5.3 Thermal Properties 11
2.5.4 Aesthetics and Design 12
2.5.5 Sound Isolation Properties 12
2.6 Manufacture of plaster from Gypsum 12
2.7 Physical Properties of Gypsum 13
2.8 Chemical Properties of Gypsum 14
2.9 Survey on Hemp core fiber 14
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Methodology 17
3.1 Procurement of Materials 17
3.2 Equipment used for the project 17
3.3 Preparation of Mould 17
3.4 Preparation of separator 18
3.5 Mixing of Aggregate 18
3.6 Casting 18
3.7 Demoulding 19
3.8 Water Absorption Test 19
3.9 Flexural Strength Test 20
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Result and Discussion 21
4.1 Plates 21
4.2 Tables and Calculation 32
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation 34
5.1 Conclusion 34
5.2 Recommendation 35
REFERENCES 36
LIST OF PLATES
Plate 4.1 Mould used for the project 21
Plate 4.2 Application of separator 21
Plate 4.3 Mixing of Aggregate 22
Plate 4.4 Casting process 1 23
Plate 4.5 Casting process 2 24
Plate 4.6 Casting process 3 25
Plate 4.7 waiting for the sample to set 26
Plate 4.8 Demoulding 28
Plate 4.9 The Sample 30
Plate 4.10 Weighing of the sample 31
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1 Water Absorption test Result 32
Table 4.2 Flexural Strength test Result 33
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This project deals with the design and production of ceiling board using POP gypsum materials. Plaster of Paris (POP) which is calcium sulphate with half molecule of water of crystallization (CaSO4.1/2H20) and hygroscopic characteristic obtained by duly calcined the material that is Gypsum (CaSO4.2H20). It possess an outstanding property of setting and subsequent hardening when mixed with water (Smith, 1896).
Gypsum is basically the raw material require to manufacture Plaster of Paris. This is cleaned and washed for removal of impurities, dried in sunlight and then pulverized. Gypsum powder are calcined in a rotary drum calcinatory using light diesel oil/firewood/coal as fuel. The low pressure burner is sufficient to reach the calcinations temperature range from 160oc to 180oc.The process of calcinations is done over a period of about 2 hours so that one – halves molecule of water is removed to obtain the required properties after cooling, the calcined powder is passed through 150 mesh and packed in airtight polythene lined bags.
Modern Gypsum board has it predecessor a product called “sackett board”. A composite material that was made of layer of thin plaster placed between four piles of wool felt paper. Sackett board was patented in 1894, By Augustine Sackett, The man generally considered to be the grandfather of gypsum board manufacturing industry.
Prior to 1894, Gypsum had been used for thousand of years as building material and as an architectural detailing element. The first use of gypsum in building construction appears to occurred in 3700BC, when an Egyptian used gypsum blocks and plaster applied over woven straw lath in the building of the pyramid of cheops.
A French chemist (Lavoiser, 1710), Analysed the chemical make up of gypsum, his work and subsequent research by a group of his contemporary chemists coupled with the discovery and mining of huge reserve of gypsum near Paris leads to the wholesale use of plaster of Paris as a building material.
Plaster of Paris is extensively used in ceramics industry for preparation of models and moulds. It is also used as main raw material in the manufacture of toy and statues, chalk, crayon, gypsum plaster board and decorative picture frame besides wide range of application in interior decoration of building and other establishment (Alfred, 1896).
As there is growing building construction activities and advancement in technology, POP gypsum board are used in home and offices and indeed all type of building where people congregate such as schools, halls, churches, mosques, airports e.t.c.
POP gypsum ceiling board provides more aesthetic outlook, offer adequate resistance to heat and sufficient resistance to fire.
1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Recent studies indicate that asbestos ceiling contains hazardous material from the health point of view. Prolonged inhalation of asbestos fiber can cause lung cancer, mesothelioma, asbestosis. Therefore it has been banned from use in many developed country due to the chrysotile content.
To this end, there is need for alternative ceiling material which is durable, reliable and affordable.
1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The aim of this project is to design and produce ceiling board using POP gypsum materials
The objectives of the study is highlighted below :-
- To produce durable lightweight building material for ceiling
- To determine the strength of the ceiling board.
- To determine it durability.
- To determine the water absorption capacity.
1.3 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
The use of gypsum ceiling board for ceiling finishing should be adopted and improved because the problems associated with asbestos, which have been used as ceiling finishes for years but with the use of POP gypsum material as ceiling finishes which offers sufficient sound insulation and considerable absorption of heat from the roof and hence provide employment opportunity to the producer.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope and limitation of this project is basically the design and production of ceiling board using POP gypsum material. In this project, water absorption test and flexural strength test was carried out to determine the water capacity, strength and durability of the sample made up of composite quantity of POP plaster, water and fibre (villas) when subjected to loading.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 CONCLUSION
Generally, ceiling is an overhead interior or exterior surface that covers the upper limit of the room. It is not generally considered as a structural element but a finished surface concealing the underside of the roof above.
Due to the dominance of asbestos as ceiling material in building with its health hazard, effort was made to produce ceiling board from Gypsum materials.
It was deduced from water absorption test carried out on the samples and the result indicated that plaster of paris (POP) ceiling board has an average 8.4 percent water absorptivity compare to Asbestos 0.5 percent. Therefore plaster of paris (POP) ceiling board absorb water readily incase there is water leakage of the roof.
Also, it was deduced from flexural strength test carried out on the samples and the result obtained shows that plaster of paris (POP) ceiling board has a mean flexural stress of 11.4 N/mm2 and Asbestos has an average flexural stress of about 1.00 N /mm2. To this end, it is proved that plaster of paris (POP) ceiling board posses sufficient strength and it is durable.
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
The following recommendations were made from the project:-
- The ceiling board posses sufficient strength and it is more durable, therefore it is good for use as ceiling finishing
- The sheet are sound absorbers, electrical insulator, and therefore can be used as demarcating panels.
- The ceiling board offers sufficient resistance to fire.
- It absorbs water more readily in case there is water leakage of the roof.
- The production of plaster board put little pressure on the environment thus; it is not hazardous to the health.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of ''design and production of ceiling board using plaster of paris (pop) gypsum material'' is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of ''design and production of ceiling board using plaster of paris (pop) gypsum material'' consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on ''design and production of ceiling board using plaster of paris (pop) gypsum material'' was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of ''design and production of ceiling board using plaster of paris (pop) gypsum material'' is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of ''design and production of ceiling board using plaster of paris (pop) gypsum material''detector consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four o f''design and production of ceiling board using plaster of paris (pop) gypsum material'' is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of ''design and production of ceiling board using plaster of paris (pop) gypsum material'' detector consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of ''design and production of ceiling board using plaster of paris (pop) gypsum material''is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of ''design and production of ceiling board using plaster of paris (pop) gypsum material'' detector consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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