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TITLE PAGE

 

BY

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--/H2013/01430
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INSTITUTE OF ---

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APPROVAL PAGE

This is to certify that the research work, "design, construction and performance evaluation of a furnace using groundnut shell briquettes as a means of firing process for melting aluminum" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.

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Signature……………….                           Signature……………….        

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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.

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This research is centered on the design and performance evaluation of a furnace using groundnut shell briquettes as a means of firing process for melting aluminum. The design philosophy is to eliminate the use of heating elements requiring electric power which is poorly supplied in the country. Design drawings were produced and mild steel was used for the fabrication of the furnace casing, while the other components needed for the design were selected based on functionality, durability, cost and local availability. The furnace was assembled by lining the inner wall of the casing with refractory blocks made from heated mixture of kaolin, clay, sawdust and water after which the inner pot and electro technical devices (temperature controller, light indicator etc) were positioned. Testing was subsequently performed to evaluate the performance of the furnace. It was observed that the furnace has a fast heating rate (61.240C/min to attain a pre-set temperature of 9000C). It was also observed that the furnace has good heat retaining capacity; can be easily maintained and safe for use. 

TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1. BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
3. AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
5. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
6. PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

1. OVERVIEW OF FURNACE
2. DEFINITION OF A FURNACE
3. BRIEF REVIEW OF CURRENT FURNACE APPLICATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY
4. FUELS FOR FURNACE
5. BRIQUETTING PROCESS
6. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF BRIQUETTING PROCESS
7. ADVANTAGES OF BRIQUETTE PRODUCTION
8. BIO-COAL BRIQUETTES
9. BIOMASS RESOURCES OF NIGERIA
10. GROUNDNUT SHELL AS AN APPROPRIATE RESIDUE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BIO- COAL BRIQUETTE

CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY AND MATERIALS SELECTION

1. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS AND CALCULATIONS
2. MATERIALS USED
3. PREPARATION OF MATERIALS
4. DESIGN
5. FABRICATION PROCEDURE
6. DESIGN CONSTANTS AND CALCULATION

CHAPTER FOUR

1. DISCUSSION

CHAPTER FIVE

1. SUMMARY
2. CONCLUSION
3. RECOMMENDATION

REFERENCES

  

CHAPTER ONE
1.0                                                                  INTRODUCTION
1.1                                                         BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Heat treating is the controlled heating and cooling of a material to achieve certain mechanical properties, such as hardness, strength, flexibility, and the reduction of residual stresses. Many heat treating processes require the precise control of temperature over the heating cycle. Heat treating is used extensively in metals production, and in the tempering and annealing of glass and ceramics products. Typically, the energy used for process heating accounts for 2% to 15% of the total production cost. Thermal efficiencies can range from over 90% for condensing boilers to under 10% for small, batch operated; high temperature furnaces like heat treat furnaces. In order to improve the energy efficiency and optimize the load throughput, it’s vital to have numerical modeling capability to accurately simulate the heat treatment processes. Currently there are plenty of commercial solutions for modeling the heat transfer and material properties for a single workpiece but none of them have a furnace model for simulating the thermal profile of the entire load. A comprehensive furnace model for different kinds of furnaces is crucial to accurately simulate the temperature of the load (Onuegbu et al., 2016).
Different sources of fuel for firing process of a furnace have existed in the past with numerous limitations/disadvantages such as; there is decreasing availability of fuel wood, ever-rising prices of kerosene and gas used in furnace in Nigeria. The use of fuel wood for furnace firing process has health implications especially on the operator who are disproportionately exposed to the smoke apart from environmental effects. Also, Global warming has become an international concern. Global warming is caused by greenhouse gasses which carbon dioxide is among the major contributors (Onuegbu et al., 2010).
Biomass, particularly agricultural residues seem to be one of the most promising energy resources for developing countries (Patomsok, 2018). Agro waste is the most promising energy resource for developing countries like ours. The decreasing availability of fuel woods has necessitated that efforts be made towards efficient utilization of agricultural wastes. These wastes have acquired considerably importance as fuels for furnace operation purposes.
Biomass briquettes have been shown to have the highest potential for use as suitable alternative to coal/ fuel wood in industrial furnace operation. It was shown that increased emissions of CO2 have been drastically reduced owing to the fact that the rate of deforestation is higher than the afforestation effort in the country (Onuegbu et al., 2016).

1.2                                                         STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The decreasing availability of fuel wood, coupled with the ever-rising prices of kerosene and gas in Nigeria, draw attention to the need to consider alternative sources of energy used in furnace for firing process. Such energy sources should be renewable and should be accessible to poor. A transition to a sustainable energy system is urgently needed in the developing countries such as Nigeria. This should, of necessity, be characterized by a departure from the present subsistence level energy usage levels based on decreasing firewood resources, to a situation where human and farming activities would be based on sustainable and diversified energy forms (Akinyosoye, 2013). In this case a biomass, particularly agricultural residues seem to be one of the most promising energy resources for developing countries (Patomsok, 2018). Groundnut shell is used as the source of energy or that meets those requirements. The groundnut shell briquettes is used as a means of firing process for melting aluminium which overcomes the problems of using fuel wood and ever-rising prices of kerosene and gas in Nigeria faced by early designed furnace.

1.3                                        AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
The main aim of this study is to design and carry out a performance evaluation of a furnace using groundnut shell briquettes as a means of firing process for melting aluminum. The objectives of the study are:

1. To carry out a performance evaluation of a furnace when groundnut shell briquettes is used as source of fuel for firing process.
2. To study how groundnut shell briquettes is been carried out.
3. To study the advantages of using groundnut shell briquettes over other sources of furnace fuel.
4. To investigate the effect of the use of groundnut shell on the properties of coal briquettes.

1.4                                         SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

This furnace is apply to the heat treatment which requires high temperature accuracy and high-grade atmosphere such as oxidization, reduction, degreasing, carbonization and baking for functional materials of the electrode material, the magnetic material and the fluorescent substance. Using groundnut shell briquettes as the source of heat will serve as means of reducing emissions of CO2. This study will also serve as a means of reducing the cost of operating furnace.

1.5                                                 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The scope of this work covers building and carrying out a performance evaluation of a furnace that uses  groundnut shell briquettes as a means of firing process for melting aluminum. In this research work, briquettes of groundnut shell were produced. The different briquette of groundnut shell was produced by bending.

1.6                                        PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION
The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:
Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to this work. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of this work were discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review of this work. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.
Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.

Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.

 

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CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "design, construction and performance evaluation of a furnace using groundnut shell briquettes as a means of firing process for melting aluminum" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "design, construction and performance evaluation of a furnace using groundnut shell briquettes as a means of firing process for melting aluminum" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.

CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "design, construction and performance evaluation of a furnace using groundnut shell briquettes as a means of firing process for melting aluminum" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "design, construction and performance evaluation of a furnace using groundnut shell briquettes as a means of firing process for melting aluminum" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work

CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of "design, construction and performance evaluation of a furnace using groundnut shell briquettes as a means of firing process for melting aluminum" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "design, construction and performance evaluation of a furnace using groundnut shell briquettes as a means of firing process for melting aluminum" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.

 

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