Many accidents occur today when distant objects or roadway impediments are not quickly detected. To help avoid these accidents, longer-range safety systems are needed with real-time detection capability and without requiring a line-of-sight (LOS) view by the driver or sensor. Early detection at intersections is required for obstacle location around blind corners and dynamic awareness of approaching vehicles on intersecting roadways.

 

LIST OF ACRONYMS

ASDM- Adaptive Space Division Multiplexing
BER- Bit Error Rate
CA- Certification Authority
CALM- Continuous Air interface for Long and Medium distance
CAN- Controller Area Network
CCA- Cooperative Collision Avoidance
CRTS- Circular RTS
CTS- Clear To Send
DMAC- Directional MAC
DoS- Denial of Service
DSRC- Dedicated Short Range Communication
ETC- Electronic Toll Collection
FCC- Federal Communication Commission
GPRS- Geberal Packet Radio Service
GPS- Global Positioning System
IEEE- Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
IPv6- Internet Protocol Version 6
IR- Impulse Response
ISM- Industry, Science, and Medicine
ITS- Intelligent Transportation Systems
IVC- Inter-Vehicle Communication
LAN- Local Area Network
LOS- Line-Of-Sight
MAC- Medium Access Control
MIPv6- Mobile IP Version 6
NEMO- Mobile Network
OBU- Onboard Units
OE- Original Equipment
PHY- Physical Layer
PKI- Public Key Infrastructure
QoS- Quality of Service
RSU- Road Side Units
RTS- Request To Send
SDMA- Space Division Multiple Access
SNR- Signal to Noise Ratio
UDP- User Datagram Protocol
USB- Universal Serial Bus
UTD- Uniform Geometrical Theory of Diffraction
UWB- Ultra-WideBand
V2I- Vehicle to Infrastructure
V2V- Vehicle to Vehicle
WAVE- Wireless Access in the Vehicular Environment
WLAN- Wireless LAN
WSM- WAVE Short Message

 

CHAPTER ONE
1.0                                                        INTRODUCTION
Road and traffic safety can be improved if drivers have the ability to see further down the road and know if a collision has occurred, or if they are approaching a traffic jam. This can become possible if drivers and vehicles communicate with each other and with roadside base stations. If traffic information was provided to drivers, police, and other authorities, the roads would be safer and traveling on them would become more efficient.
It is possible to build a multihop network among several vehicles that have communication devices. These vehicles would form a mobile ad hoc network, and could pass along information about road conditions, accidents, and congestion. A driver could be made aware of the emergency braking of a preceding vehicle, or the presence of an obstacle in the roadway. Such a network could also help platooning vehicles (strings of vehicles that communicate with each other so they can maintain a tight inter-vehicle spacing) utilize the roadways efficiently. It can also help vehicles negotiate critical points like blind crossings (intersections without traffic lights) and entries to highways.

1.1                                         BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
The term wireless communication was introduced in the 19th century and wireless communication technology has developed over the subsequent years. It is one of the most important mediums of transmission of information from one device to other devices. In this technology, the information can be transmitted through the air without requiring any cable or wires or other electronic conductors, by using electromagnetic waves like IR, RF, satellite, etc. In the present days, the wireless communication technology refers to a variety of wireless communication devices and technologies ranging from smart phones to computers, tabs, laptops, Bluetooth Technology, printers. This article gives an overview of wireless communication and types of wireless communications use in controlling vehicle accident.
In the present days, wireless communication system has become an essential part of various types of wireless communication devices, that permits user to communicate even from remote operated areas. There are many devices used for wireless communication like mobiles. Cordless telephones, Zigbee wirelss technology, GPS, Wi-Fi, satellite television and wireless computer parts. Current wireless phones include 3 and 4G networks, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi technologies.

1.3                                         SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

• A range of crash avoidance and crash protection measures is outlined for the protection of car’s occupants, Pedestrians, motorcyclists, minibus and bus users.
• Any data or information can be transmitted faster and with a high speed
• Maintenance and installation is less cost for these networks.

1.4                                           LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

• An unauthorized person may not easily use the system
• It is very important to secure the wireless network so that the information cannot be misused by unauthorized users for the protection of car’s occupants, Pedestrians, motorcyclists, minibus and bus users.
  
  
•                                            APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT

This work is used for the protection of cars occupants, Pedestrians, motorcyclists, minibus and bus users for:

• Intersection collision avoidance
• Approaching emergency vehicle warning
• Automatic vehicle safety inspection
• Transit or emergency vehicle signal priority
• Electronic parking payments
• Commercial vehicle clearance
• In-vehicle display of road signs and billboards
• Traffic data collection
• Rail intersection warning
• Blind spot warning
• Sudden braking ahead warning
• Rollover warning

1.6                                                 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
Effective vehicle safety design result relies upon continuing research and development, understanding of the source and mechanism of injury’ protection in a range of crash conditions, regular monitoring of performance in real world conditions, and confirmation that new technologies are used and accepted. A range of research needs is outlined.

1.7                                             OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
Vehicles in the future are anticipated to have the ability to communicate and exchange useful information in order to avoid collisions. However, for this cooperation to be possible, all vehicles will have to be equipped with compatible wireless modules which implements intelligent transport systems operating in the 5 GHz frequency band. During the implementation phase of the system, there will be many older vehicles without such equipment that can cause hazard as information about them will not be available to vehicles equipped. However, the main aim of this work is to design a wireless system that will communication to driver or vehicle in other to avoid collision.

1.8                                                  PROJECT MOTIVATION
Study shows - “About 60% roadway collisions could be avoided if theq operator of the vehicle was provided warning at least one-half second prior to a collision”  Approximately 40,000 people are killed each year on Nigerian’s roads, with around 1.7 million people incurring critical injuries.  The annual costs associated with traffic accidents total nearly 3 percentq of the world’s gross domestic product (GDP),.  Number of vehicles is increasing faster than the number ofq roads, leading to frequent traffic jams.  Constraints of human drivers’ perception  Line-of-sight limitation of brake lightq  Large processing/forwarding delay for emergency events.

 

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