DESIGN OF SEWERS FOR SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, AUCHI POLYTECHNIC
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TITLE PAGE
BY
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--/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---
DECEMBER,2018
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work, "design of sewers for school of engineering, auchi polytechnic" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
By
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Supervisor Head of Department.
Signature………………. Signature……………….
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External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
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Schools’ environment are characterized with dynamic change in terms of demography, land use, living standards of inhabitants, increase in per capita water demand and consequently in the waste water that is discharged from households and industries. The study is based on design of separate type of sewer network system for School of Engineering of Auchi Polytechnic. The proposed study presents an original design for separate sewer systems that overcomes the problem of solid waste. The proposed system includes a novel design for the access chamber shape that allows storm flows and foul flows to pass through it without mixing and allows one trench to accommodate both pipelines.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
ACRONYMS AND THEIR MEANING
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
- AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
- RESEARCH QUESTION
- SCOPE OF THE STUDY
- BENEFITS AND ADVANTAGES OF THE SEWER
- DEFINITION OF TERMS
- PROJECT ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- REVIEW OF THE STUDY
- ORIGINS OF SEWAGE
- COLLECTION OF SEWAGE
- HISTORICAL SEWAGE CONVEYANCE
- SEWAGE AND WASTEWATER
- OVERALL APPEARANCE OF SEWAGE
- TYPICAL SEWAGE COMPOSITION
- DISPOSAL AND DILUTION OF SEWAGE
- TYPES OF SEWERAGE SYSTEM
- TYPES OF SEWER ACCORDING TO MATERIALS
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 DEVELOPING AN ACCESS CHAMBER
3.2 CASE STUDY
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Cost Analysis
4.1.1 Access Chamber Construction Cost
4.1.2 Pipeline Installation Costs
4.2 USING THE NEW DESIGN IN THE CASE STUDY AREA
4.2.2 Area Occupied by the System
4.2.3 Construction Time
4.3 IMPROVED INTEGRITY OF HYDRAULIC ASPECTS
4.3.1 Storage Capacity
4.3.2 Retention Time
4.4 Testing of sewer
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION
- RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES
Acronyms and their meaning
Combined sewer system (CSS)
Separate sewer system (SSS)
Combined sewer overflow (CSO)
Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP)
UNITED States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)
Sustainable drainage systems (SuDS)
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
A sewerage system is a system that contains pipes of several lengths and diameters, which are very important to convey the wastewater, including domestic, residential, industrial and commercial treatment services (Ansari et al., 2013). Sewerage system plays a critical role in that it supports public health and environmental protection. Normally, the wastewater flow in the sewerage system is directly related to human usage for all kind of activities. A sewerage system is composed of various sewer lines terminating at the junction of a large sewer line. The large sewer line also terminates at the junction of a still larger sewer line. Finally, the main sewer line terminates at the outfall. Thus, a sewerage system can be viewed as a set of sewer lines collecting discharges at their nodal points and emptying into another set of sewer lines. In this paper attention is focused on the optimal design of a sewer line, which is a basic unit of a sewerage system.
Sewer system plays a vital role in the economic development of a country. Sewers are must for the drainage of waste water. In order to have an effective sewage system the sewers should be properly designed and more care should be taken in finding the invert levels otherwise whole design may get wrong. Sewers are designed for the drainage of waste water coming from houses, industries, streets, runoff etc to protect the environment and people from serious diseases, as more than 50 diseases spread from sewage. So for a good living, the sewers should be properly designed and the sewage should be treated properly before discharging it into the river.
Traditionally, there are two types of drainage systems: the combined sewer system (CSS) and the separate sewer system (SSS). The CSS, which uses a single pipe to convey both sanitary sewage and stormwater, has been used effectively in the past because of its simplicity, and it was most effective when cities had a low population density. Approximately 70% of the sewer systems in the United Kingdom and in many European countries such as Germany, France and Belgium use CSSs (Butler and Davis 2011). A CSS is designed to release untreated overflows into watercourses through a combined sewer overflow (CSO) to keep the hydraulic load and dilution at manageable levels when the capacity of the sewer system is insufficient to carry the entire flow (both storm water and sewage) through a heavy rain event (Brombach et al. 2005).
Unfortunately, the frequency and negative consequences of overflows from CSOs are likely to become exacerbated by the impacts of climate change (Astaraie-Imani et al. 2012). Since the middle of the last century, SSSs have been widely adopted in many countries to conform to new environmental regulations. An SSS uses two sets of pipelines: one to convey foul flow to a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and the other to convey stormwater to the nearest watercourse. An SSS is designed to address the harmful environmental impacts of CSSs and to prevent flooding by increasing the capability of the stormwater drainage system to separately convey to the nearest watercourse runoff caused by heavy rain. Despite recent debate about the pollution load that can be carried in stormwater and discharged into watercourses (Ferreira et al. 2011; Ouyang et al. 2012), an SSS has certain disadvantages due to its construction cost and footprint. Installing the two sets of pipelines required for an SSS is difficult due to the limited amount of space beneath the narrow streets prevalent in cities throughout the United Kingdom and Europe and in cities throughout Eastern countries. These streets are normally occupied by complex networks of infrastructure services, such as potable water, electricity, communication and gas lines, so finding space in which to place two additional sets of pipelines constitutes a challenging task for both designers and water companies (Broere 2016).
Accordingly, this paper discusses the application of an innovative design for an SSS that combines the two access chambers (the stormwater access chamber and the sanitary access chamber) into a single structure in a case study (Abbas, Alkhaddar et al. 2018). This combined structure has an innovative shape in that it allows sewage and stormwater to pass through it without becoming mixed, and it allows the two pipelines to be laid one over the other in one trench.
A combined inspection–access chamber has been patented by a German company (Würmseher 2014); the shape proposed by the company was rectangular, and the storm pipe intersected the sanitary chamber to reach the storm chamber.
This project presented studies dealing with stormwater management at three levels or scales: the property level, neighbourhood level and watershed level. The researchers tried to increase storage capacity, pervious surfaces and retention time over these three levels by installing green roofs, using pervious pavements, building a stormwater pond, or using parking lots and creating wide riparian buffer zones (Marsalek and Schreier 2009). Planning and design criteria, construction and maintenance, performance evaluation, and the cost of innovative low impact development technologies have also been explored. This innovative system includes laying two perforated polyvinyl chloride pipes of 200 mm diameter below the original storm sewer system. They are connected to both the downstream and upstream access chambers below the storm sewers. This innovative solution is more economical than constructing a stormwater-quality pond to control the runoff from the site (Li et al. 2015).
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
The Problem of waste water in our institution and in the world at large has become extremely large and a dangerous issues in the society. Waste water especially in school of engineering, Auchi Polytechnic is the major causes of sicknesses and air pollution in the environment. Its consequences cannot be over emphasized. These activities have led to environmental degradation, air pollution, land pollution and harmful environment. Those who live close to area where dump sites are located suffer as a result of these problems. In other to overcome these problems, a sewer was designed.
Sewer carries wastes, in either solution or suspension that flow away from the school of engineering through an artificial conduit or system of conduits used.
Sewers are extremely important components of urban infrastructure that helps keep the urban environment safe from flooding and prevents the spread of water-borne diseases by safely transporting waste water to the waste water treatment works and through the transport of rain water from urban surfaces (Butler et al., 2010). Naturally, the focus on sewer design and construction has been on the function of the sewer networks with respect to safe transport of water to fulfill this vital role within urban infrastructure. However, over the years, the understanding of sewer function has been expanded, so that expectations of the urban drainage systems is now also to help minimize the impact of urban activities on the natural environment ( Rocher et al., 2013) and to prevent odor from waste water in the urban environment.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main aim of the study is to design a separate – typed sewer for school of Engineering of Auchi Polytechnic. The study seeks to achieve the following objectives:
- To provide the sewer network is to carry away sanitary waste from school of engineering in such a way that it does not cause any public health related problems.
- To provide one of the basic infrastructure facilities to transport sanitary waste to sewage dumpsite.
- To main a clean environment thereby promoting good health.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION
i. What is the purpose of a sewer system?
ii. What is the design of sewage?
iii. What is the importance of sewage disposal?
iv. Which shape of sewer is most preferred?
Sewer is an artificial passage or pipe, usually underground, that carries waste and used water from sinks and toilets away from buildings to a place where they can be safely gotten rid of. Sewage is the mainly liquid waste containing some solids produced by humans which typically consists of -washing water -faeces -urine -laundry waste -other material from household, Institution and industry.
The project is based on the design of separate type of sewerage system for school of engineering in Auchi polytechnic.
1.6 BENEFITS AND ADVANTAGES OF THE SEWER
Some of the benefits and advantages of the sewerage system are as follows:
(a) Upgrading the quality of life
The quality of life and the hygienic conditions in the areas where the system operates have already improved. The operation of the sewerage system has relieved these areas to a great extent from previous problems that were caused by the continuous emptying of cesspools. In the past, hotels and blocks of apartments were required to empty and maintain septic tanks and soak ways. The sewerage system provides a healthier and more appropriate way to manage liquid wastes.
(b) Preserving the natural environment
Previously, all sewage waste was discharged in septic tanks and cesspits, resulting in the pollution of the ground water of the areas where such waste was discharged. Polluted waters then ended in the sea and caused various risks and other environmental problems. With the operation of the sewerage system no more pollution of ground water is effected and the discharge of sewage waste in school environment has significantly been reduced. Treated sludge is used as a soil-improving substance mainly for tree cultivations whilst methane is being used for electricity generation, covering part of the power, required to operate the plant.
(c) Saving and processing waters
Water is a substantial natural resource for our country and it should be managed in the best possible manner. The tertiary treated effluent at the wastewater treatment plant is reused for agricultural and other purposes.
(d) Saving of money
In the long term, the central sewerage system will cause big savings to be made regarding the construction and maintenance of private smaller cesspools.
(e) Economic development and tourism
The most significant advantage of the system is maintaining sustainable development, the protection of the environment and improvement of the quality of life in our town, with a further impact on the development of tourism and the economy in general.
(f) Flooding incidences
The construction of main stormwater drainage systems reduces the social and financial consequences resulting from the direct damage on properties caused by flooding, or even destruction of basic infrastructure such as roads, pavements and underground cables. It also reduces any indirect damage caused by traffic congestion and minimises pedestrian difficulties.
Moreover, uncontrolled flooding and the flow of surface water causes nuisance and public health problems, development of mosquitoes, accumulation of litter, grease and other pollutants.
(g) Standard of living
As a result of the above, the sewerage system contributes to further development and increase of the standard of living of the town of Limassol inhabitants. Considering all the above advantages, there is no doubt that if we all cooperate, ourselves and our children will enjoy a better quality of life in the years to come and that we will secure a better environment to the forthcoming generations.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Sewage: It is Liquid Waste or Waste Water produce as a result of water use.
Sewer: It is the pipe or conduit for carrying sewage. It is generally closed and flow takes place under gravity (Atmospheric Pressure).
Sewerage: Sewerage is the system of collection of waste water and conveying it to a point of final disposal with or without treatment.
1.8 PROJECT ORGANISATION
The work is organized as follows: chapter one discusses the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study, chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.
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