USER'S INSTRUCTIONS: The project work you are about to view is on " determination of groundwater potential and quality using hydrochemical and geochemical method". Please, sit back and study the below research material carefully. This project topic ( determination of groundwater potential and quality using hydrochemical and geochemical method) have complete 5(five) Chapters. The complete Project Material/writeup include: Abstract + Introduction + etc + Literature Review + methodology + etc + Conclusion + Recommendation + References/Bibliography.Our aim of providing this " determination of groundwater potential and quality using hydrochemical and geochemical method" project research material is to reduce the stress of moving from one school library to another all in the name of searching for " determination of groundwater potential and quality using hydrochemical and geochemical method" research materials. We are not encouraging any form of plagiarism. This service is legal because, all institutions permit their s[tudents to read previous projects, books, articles or papers while developing their own works.
TITLE PAGE
DETERMINATION OF GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL AND QUALITY USING HYDROCHEMICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL METHOD
BY
---
--/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---
DECEMBER,2018
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work, " determination of groundwater potential and quality using hydrochemical and geochemical method" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
By
--- . ---
Supervisor Head of Department.
Signature………………. Signature……………….
……………………………….
---
External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION: This work "
determination of groundwater potential and quality using hydrochemical and geochemical method" research material is a complete and well researched project material strictly for academic purposes, which has been approved by different Lecturers from different higher institutions. We made Preliminary pages, Abstract and Chapter one of "
determination of groundwater potential and quality using hydrochemical and geochemical method" visible for everyone, then the complete material on "
determination of groundwater potential and quality using hydrochemical and geochemical method" is to be ordered for. Happy viewing!!!
Groundwater is that portion of the water beneath the surface of the earth that can be collected with wells, tunnels or drainage galleries or that flows naturally to the earth’s surface via seeps or springs. Groundwater is a resource of immense magnitude, but of uneven availability and inexhaustibile. Understanding of the potential and quality of water is crucial for management plan and the suitability of various usages. In this study, Thirty-five (35) groundwater samples from Delta state were analyzed for physicochemical parameters. Results show that the mean value of pH is 6.32, TDS is 208.92 mg/l, temperature is 28.77oC, EC is 545.16 μs/cm; TH is 111.09 mg/l, SO4 is 71.73 mg/l, Cl is 0.07 mg/l, HCO3 is 14.09 mg/l, Na is 25.06 mg/l, Ca is 37.07 mg/l, K is 24.36 mg/l and Mg is 4.41 mg/l. The results were compared to the WHO and NDSQW standards. All parameters were within the permissible limit except EC in well OW6 and K is above the stipulated standards in 69% of the total samples. The high concentration of K is linked to the use of NPK fertilizer in the area for agricultural purposes. The groundwater belongs to Ca-Na-K-SO4 and Na-Ca-SO4 water type respectively. The ionic concentration in the groundwater is due to the dissolution of the rock that makes up the aquifer. Plagioclase and silicate-bearing rocks are the sources of major ions in the water. SAR, PI, RSBC and KR reveals that groundwater in the area is good for irrigation purpose. DRASTIC model further revealed that groundwater in the area is less vulnerable to contamination under the current environmental conditions.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
- OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
- SCOPE OF THE STUDY
- STUDY AREA
CHAPTER TWO
- LITERATURE REVIEW
- OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY
- ORIGIN OF GROUNDWATER
- HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
- SOURCE OF GROUNDWATER
- GROUNDWATER EXPLORATION
- PROBLEMS OF GROUNDWATER OVER DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY
3.1 MATERIALS AND METHODS
CHAPTER FOUR
- DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Water is not only the essence of life but also one of the most crucial factors determining the quality of life of the people. The climate change and increasing disruptions in the rainfall patterns, temperature and soil moisture directly impacted the water availability and its quality for drinking, livestock use, agriculture and various other purposes, and in this respect, the latest patterns of climate changes and water deficit reflected the depletion of water sources and deterioration of water quality in many parts of the world. In addition to groundwater decline, pollutions of water resources further enhance the multiple problems and put up more pressure on the difficulty of finding out available fresh water resources [4]. So, the development of other water sources including groundwater has begun from the beginning of 1970’s in sub-Sahara country and middle-eastern countries. Recognizing of the importance for developing of new sources and assessment of groundwater quality has become a major goal for the government workers and scientists who have the responsibilities of management and research of the surface water and groundwater in every country of the world.
Groundwater is the most preferred and effective source of water for agricultural and domestic uses. Groundwater supply has increased significantly in recent times and becomes the main water source for all purpose in rural and urban areas of West Africa, especially in the dry season. The surface water resources in this region, influenced by seasonal rainfall include rivers, lakes, and dams. The increasing water need is acknowledged for Delta state during the last few decades due to the establishment of both micro- and macro-agricultural development projects. More than 75 % of water used in agricultural projects of such magnitude will be derived from freshwater resources available in close area. Given that the use of contaminated surface water for domestic purposes engenders several endemic health problems resulting from water-borne diseases (e.g., guinea worm, cholera, dysentery); we have undertaken this study to contribute to the investigation for additional good quality water resources. Most of the water sources used by the rural people are rivers, streams, ponds, and lakes, which are highly vulnerable due to surface contaminants resulting from anthropogenic activities.
Geology of an area, the degree of chemical weathering of various rock types and anthropogenic factors affect the chemistry of groundwater (Giridharan et al., 2008). Hydrogeochemical studies have over the years played an essential role in interpreting mineralogical composition of the sub-surface and inherent conditions in most geological settings (Ekwere and Edet, 2012). The estimated amount of groundwater resource in Nigeria is 6 × 1018 m3 (Rijswljk 1981). The resource plays an important role in the social and economic life of the people regarding domestic, industrial and agricultural use. However, little is done to assess and understand the quality of groundwater especially within the different aquifer systems (Edet et al., 2011). According to Organization for Economic Co- operation and Development, agriculture is responsible for the use of 70% of all freshwater including groundwater (OECD, 2012). Factors which have made groundwater use quite attractive for agricultural is the relatively cheap cost of getting the water to the farm by sinking boreholes on site and not piping or channeling the water over long distances (Shah et al., 2007). The 2006 Nigerian household population census revealed that 49.4% of sampled households depend on groundwater as the main source of water for domestic use (Egbinola and Amanambu, 2014). Studies revealed that 85% of all communicable diseases affecting humans are either water-borne or water-related (WHO, 2006; Amadi et al., 2013). Over the years the groundwater geochemistry of this area has not been carried out, although related studies had been carried out in other parts of the Basement Complex of the Southwestern Nigeria (Ikhane et al., 2010; Tijani et al., 2014).
Groundwater chemistry is dependent on several factors which include the nature of recharge, the residence time of the groundwater in the aquifer, rock-water interactions beneath the surface and anthropogenic activities (Andre et al., 2005; Krisna et al., 2011). Groundwater quality and quantity can provoke socio- economic and environmental problems (Schenider et al., 2013).
Factor and cluster analysis had been used widely with conventional graphical techniques to characterize hydrochemical systems (Yidana et al., 2012). This method has been used to tackle serious environmental problems and had offered better insight to groundwater flow regimes (Meng and Maynard, 2001; Guler et al., 2002; Guler and Thyne, 2004; Helstrup et al., 2007; Yidana et al., 2008a and 2008b). The method is also used in ranking the various processes influencing hydrochemistry in order of importance (Yidana et al., 2012). Factor analysis helps in data dimension reduction (Yidana et al., 2012) and is useful in solving several problems in geological and allied sciences. The method makes it possible to rank hydrochemical processes in order of importance (Yidana et al., 2012). Most often, factor analysis is not used in isolation but is combined with several graphical techniques to provide meaning to hydrochemical studies (Yidana et al., 2012). Another method used in Hydrogeochemical analysis is the cluster analysis. Cluster analysis groups variables into cluster or associations based on perceived similarities or dissimilarities in the variation of the dataset (Yidana et al., 2012). Parameters in the same hierarchical cluster have similar characteristics compared to others in different clusters.
The potential for groundwater to become contaminated because of human activity at or near the surface has been recognized in recent years leading managers of this important resource to pursue (Javadi et al., 2011). The tendency or likelihood for contaminants to reach a specified position in the groundwater system after introduction at some location above the uppermost aquifer is known as groundwater vulnerability (National Research Center, 1993). It is also defined as the potential of penetration and diffusion of contaminants in the groundwater resources (Goodarzi and Javadi, 2016). Vulnerability assessments must be specific, scientific, and based on right evidence. Different methods are used to estimate groundwater vulnerability. In most cases, these methods are analytical tools that try to relate groundwater contamination to land use activities (Javadi et al., 2011). These assessment methods may be divided into three general categories: Process-based simulation models, statistical methods (Harbugh et al., 2000) and overlay and index methods.
Process-based models usually require large quantities of data and supplementary information necessary to run mathematical models that form the principal tool of the method. (Javadi et al., 2011). Statistical methods incorporate data on known areal contaminant distributions and provide characterizations of contamination potential for the specific geographic area by extrapolation from available data in the region of interest (National Research Center, 1993). Overlay and index methods are based on combining different maps of the area by assigning a numerical index. Overlay and index methods are easy to apply, especially on a regional scale, and to use in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) (Javadi et al., 2011). They, therefore, constitute the most popular class of methods used in vulnerability assessment. Among the more popular of the overlay and index, methods are GOD (Foster, 1987), DRASTIC (Aller et al., 1987), AVI (van Stemproot et al., 1993) and IRISH (Daly and Drew, 1999). DRASTIC has been used in several places including the USA (Shukla et al., 2000), China (Yuan et al., 2006), Jordan (Naqa et al., 2006), Morocco (Ettazarini 2006), Iran (Mohammadi et al., 2009), India (Balan et al., 2012) and Nigeria (Mogaji et al., 2014).
Aquifers within the Basement Complex of Nigeria are tapped within the weathered zones which are usually at shallow depths and contain smaller quantity of groundwater. This shallow depth of occurrence commonly allows for easy pollution of groundwater in the weathered overburden (Asiwaju-Bello and Ololade, 2013). For this reason, study on the hydrogeochemical and vulnerability assessment of groundwater within Owo area has been carried out. This will also significantly assist in deciphering the lithological processes affecting the groundwater in the area.
The objectives of this study are to determine groundwater flow, geochemistry and primary processes that are responsible for groundwater chemistry and quality in Owo area, southwest Nigeria. Furthermore, this study shall evaluate the vulnerability of the groundwater to contamination. To date, no survey of groundwater quality have been reported in Owo area. This study is meant to serve as a background study which shall give insight into the physical and chemical characterization of groundwater including vulnerability assessment using DRASTIC model.
To achieve these objectives groundwater was sampled in carefully selected parts of the study area and was subjected to in situ determination of physical parameters and laboratory analysis of cations and anions. To determine the groundwater flow pattern, static and dynamic levels were measured in 219 wells. The results of physicochemical analysis were subjected to multivariate statistical analysis (factor analysis combined with hierarchical cluster analysis). Groundwater samples were separated into clusters which give an insight into the primary processes responsible for groundwater chemical evolution in the region.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
The use of contaminated surface water for domestic purposes engenders several endemic health problems resulting from water-borne diseases (e.g., guinea worm, cholera, dysentery); we have undertaken this study to contribute to the investigation for additional good quality water resources. Most of the water sources used by the rural people are rivers, streams, ponds, and lakes, which are highly vulnerable due to surface contaminants resulting from anthropogenic activities. This study was carried out in other to determine the quality of ground water that makes it more preferable than the surface water.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main objective of this study is to assess the quality, availability, and distribution of groundwater resources, for domestic and agricultural uses.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
As groundwater moves along its path from one aquifer to another areas, a variety of hydrogeochemical processes alter its chemical composition. So, the hydrogeochemical processes of the groundwater vary spatially and temporally, depending on the geological and chemical characteristics of the aquifer. In various parts of the world, numerous studies have been carried out to assess the geochemical characteristics of groundwater affected by contamination from human activities such as sewage effluents, agricultural fertilizers and ion-exchange, evapotranspiration and water-rock interactions which result in an increase of the ion concentration making water unfit for drinking and agricultural purpose. Determination of groundwater composition and its interpretation is very important for the evaluation of its suitability for domestic, irrigation and industrial uses. Thus, knowledge on hydrogeochemical processes that control ground-water chemical evolutions could lead to improved understanding of characteristics of an aquifer, and these would become a very important contribution for the effective management and development of new aspects of groundwater resources.
In this study, many assessing methods of groundwater using specific purposes were carried out for home, agricultural purposes, industrial usages and deduction of water-rock interactions.
1.5 STUDY AREA
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of " determination of groundwater potential and quality using hydrochemical and geochemical method" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of " determination of groundwater potential and quality using hydrochemical and geochemical method" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on " determination of groundwater potential and quality using hydrochemical and geochemical method" was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of " determination of groundwater potential and quality using hydrochemical and geochemical method" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of " determination of groundwater potential and quality using hydrochemical and geochemical method" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of " determination of groundwater potential and quality using hydrochemical and geochemical method" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of " determination of groundwater potential and quality using hydrochemical and geochemical method" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of design and construction of a " determination of groundwater potential and quality using hydrochemical and geochemical method" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of " determination of groundwater potential and quality using hydrochemical and geochemical method" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
To "DOWNLOAD" the complete material on this particular topic above click "HERE"
Do you want our Bank Accounts? please click HERE
To view other related topics click HERE
To "SUMMIT" new topic(s), develop a new topic OR you did not see your topic on our site but want to confirm the availiability of your topic click HERE
Do you want us to research your new topic? if yes, click "HERE"
Do you have any question concerning our post/services? click HERE for answers to your questions
For more information contact us through any of the following means:
Mobile No 
:+2348146561114 or +2347015391124 [Mr. Innocent]
Email address 
:engr4project@gmail.com
Watsapp No 
:+2348146561114
COUNTRIES THAT FOUND OUR SERVICES USEFUL
Australia, Botswana, Canada, Europe, Ghana, Ireland, India, Kenya, Liberia, Malaysia, Namibia, New Zealand, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Uganda, United States, United Kindom, Zambia, Zimbabwe, etc
Support: +234 8146561114 or +2347015391124
Watsapp No :+2348146561114
Email Address :engr4project@gmail.com
FOLLOW / VISIT US VIA:
