DETERMINATION OF THE VOLTAGE REQUIRED TO POWER BARBED WIRE INTO ELECTRIC FENCE
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This study is on electric fence. An electric fence is a barrier that uses electric shocks to deter animalsfrom crossing a boundary. In electric fencing system, electricity flows as a result of electrical pressure which is measured in volts (V).Energizerproduces brief, high voltage pulses of electricity between the conducting wire and earth whenthe circuit is closed by animal contact.An animalstanding on the ground and touching theelectrified wire completes the circuit and receives intermittent but regular shocks to deter it.The pulsed nature of the electricity enables animals to move away from the fence, so preventing electrocution. However, this work is aimed at determining the voltage required to power barbed wire into electric fence.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
- AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
- DEFINITION OF TERMS
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
- ELECTRIC FENCE DESIGN AND FUNCTION
- USES OF ELECTRIC FENCE
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
- EQUIPMENT AND INSTALLATION MATERIAL RECOMMENDATION
- VOLTAGE DETERMINATION
- INSTALLATION OF MAINS ENERGISER
- INSTALLATION OF BATTERY ENERGIZER
- GENERAL ELECTRIC FENCING TIPS
CHAPTER FOUR
- FENCE MAINTENANCE
- DONT'S OF ELECTRIC FENCING
- TROUBLESHOOTING
- SAFETY REQUIREMENTS AND REGULATIONS
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION
- RECOMMENDATION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGEOUND OF THE STUDY
An electric fence is a barrier that uses electric shocks to deter people and other animalsfrom crossing a boundary. The voltage of the shock may have effects ranging from discomfort to death. Most electric fences are used for agricultural fencing and other forms of non-human animal control, although they are also used to protect high-security areas such as military installations or prisons, where potentially-lethal voltages may be used.
An electric fence usually consists of several conductors of bare wire, supported on insulatorsand connected to a fence energizer which in turn is connected to a power source and earthrod(s). Electric fences were first used in World WarI to contain prisonersofwar.Thesefences carried alternating current (a.c.) and were designed to kill anyone coming into contactwiththem.Itwasnotuntilthelate1930sthatnon-lethalfenceenergizers(alsocalledcontrollers or fencer units) producing direct current (d.c.) were developed to manage stock orwildlife. Nevertheless, these early energizers were still dangerous, unreliable and easily shortcircuited. Then, in the late 1930s, better units were developed, making the technique moresuccessfulandacceptable.
Over the last 30 years, improvements in energizer technology have continued to be made sothat now, in the early 2000s, a large range ofenergizers can be purchased.They arepowered either from a mains electricity supply or, where this is not available, by battery.Inremote areas, wind and solar power can be used to charge batteries. Energizers of varyingpower output, ranging from less than 1 joule to over 20 joules, can be purchased.(A joule (J)is the unit of energy used by manufacturers to specify the energy level of pulses produced bytheirproducts).
Electric fencing, to be effective, must have its conducting wires totally insulated and effectivelyisolated from the ground.The fence structure must be of sufficient strength and capacity todeliveranelectricshocksensationtoananimalwhentouched.
If an animal is to receive an effective shock upon contact with the bare electrified fence wire,current must be able to flow through its body to the ground.This can only happen byestablishing a very sound earthing area system which must be connected directly to theenergizer. The degree of shock sensation experienced is directly related to the level of thecurrentwhichcanpassthroughtheanimal’sbodyandthetimeittakes todoso:thehigherthecurrent and the longer it takes to pass through, the greater the shock sensation.Current levelisregulatedbyelectricalresistance or supply voltage whichopposestheflowofcurrent:thehighertheresistance the lower the current and the less the shocksensation experienced. A goodearthing system will help to minimise resistance, but current flow will still be affected by theresistance between those parts of the animal’s body which come in contact with the fence andwith the ground and by the resistance of the ground itself. A higher level of voltage producedby the energiser will help to overcome a high resistance path through the body, but will be oflittleconsequenceif theearthingsystemisnotsoundlyconstructed.
The centre of any electric fence system is the energiser. There are two types: mains operatedand battery operated.The energiser converts a.c. or d.c. voltage, respectively, into repetitivehigh voltage pulses of d.c. voltage which are delivered along the entire length of a fenceconnected to it. Each pulse lasts for a very short time (approximately 500 microseconds) andis produced at one second intervals. Thus, fence energisers are constantly switching on andoff, and it is this characteristic which is responsible for preventing a fatality under normaloperating conditions. The voltage peak of each consecutive pulse can rise to a limit of 10,000V;valuesexceedingthislimitareconsideredunsafebypresentinternationalsafetystandards.
Voltage is not the only aspect to be taken into consideration where safety is concerned.Eachpulse will contain a potential quantity of electrical energy.This quantity of electrical energy ismeasured in joules(J). This study determines the voltage required to be used in an electric fence.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Electricity flows as a result of electrical pressure which is measured in volts (V).Energisersproduce brief, high voltage pulses of electricity between the conducting wire and earth whenthe circuit is closed by animal contact.An animalstanding on the ground and touching theelectrified wire completes the circuit and receives intermittent but regular shocks to deter it.Thepulsednatureoftheelectricity enablesanimalstomoveaway fromthefence,sopreventing electrocution, although lethal fences still have a limited use in the Far East forcontrolofrodents.
Determining the voltage is a way of using the cable safely and efficiently. This work was carried out to determine of the voltage required to power barbed wire into electric fence.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
Themain aimofthisworkistointroduce fence builder to determine the voltage required to power barbed wire into electric fencewhichareusedinperhapsthemostimportantpart of any electric fence system, theenergizer. The objectives of this study are:
- To understand the safety level of an electric fence.
- To study the supply voltage required to power barbed wire in electric fence
- To study uses and application of electric fence.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This work shall serve as means of learning how to install and calculate the parameters used in electric fencing. The study will also benefit all users of electric wire by letting them understand the safety state of their fence.
1.5 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Dropper: A rigid vertical component used to keep line wires apart.
Electricfence: A barrier which includes1or more electric conductors, insulated from earth, to which electric pulses are applied by anenergizer.
Electricanimalfence: An electric fenceused to contain animals with in or exclude animals from a particular area.
Insulator: A non-conductive material or adevice made with the intention of preventing current flow.
Leakage: Asmall energy loss from the fence line to earth.
Linewire: Asingle fence wire,which may be either single strand ormulti-strand.
Polythenewire(Polywire): Poly propylene or Polyethy lenet wine in corporating one or morestain less steel or tinned copper strand(s).
Polythenetape(Polytape): Poly propy lene or Polyethy lene woven tape in corporating stainless steel or tinned copper strands.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "determination of the voltage required to power barbed wire into electric fence" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "determination of the voltage required to power barbed wire into electric fence" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "determination of the voltage required to power barbed wire into electric fence"was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "determination of the voltage required to power barbed wire into electric fence" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "determination of the voltage required to power barbed wire into electric fence" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "determination of the voltage required to power barbed wire into electric fence" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "determination of the voltage required to power barbed wire into electric fence" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of "determination of the voltage required to power barbed wire into electric fence" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "determination of the voltage required to power barbed wire into electric fence" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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