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TITLE PAGE

 

BY

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--/H2013/01430
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SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---

DECEMBER,2018

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APPROVAL PAGE

This is to certify that the research work, "determining the acid neutralizing capacity of 5 commercial antacid brands" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.

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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
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Antacids are commonly used as prescribed medications. Some antacid products may neutralize more acid in the stomach than others. The ability of an antacid to neutralize acid is expressed as its acid neutralizing capacity (ANC). This study was undertaken with the objective of assessing the quality of different brands of antacid tablets. The assessment parameters included the evaluation of uniformity of weight, uniformity of thickness, crushing strength, friability, as well as the acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) (using pH and titrimetric method), which is easy to use, accurate, reproducible, simple, and inexpensive. The study revealed that all the brands complied with the compendia specification for uniformity of weight and friability. The acid neutralizing capacity of the brands were in the order Brand E > Brand D > Brand C > Brand A > Brand F >. The average final pH of the mixture of Antacid and acid after 10 minutes is as follows: Brand E 8.30, Brand D 7.46, Brand C 7.37, Brand A 6.67, and finally Brand F 6.35. It can be concluded from the study that two of the brands (D and E) evaluated in this study could be regarded as being of highest quality with Brand E having the highest ANC value. This study could help prescribers to make informed choices for their patients. The titrimetric procedure used in this study is simple, inexpensive, easy to use and could be used in routine monitoring or periodic evaluation of the quality of Antacid tablets, especially in the absence of high technology equipment that are not easily available in most developing countries.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION
• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
• PROBLEM STATEMENT
• AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
• RESEARCH QUESTION

CHAPTER TWO               

2.0      LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1      REVIEW OF THE STUDY
2.2     CAUSES OF HIGH STOMACH ACID
2.3     SYMPTOMS OF HIGH STOMACH ACID
2.4    EFFECTS OF HIGH STOMACH ACID
2.5    STOMACH ACID RISK FACTORS
2.6    ANTACIDS
2.7    USES OF ANTACIDS
2.8   FOUR MAIN TYPES OF ANTACIDS
2.9   SIDE EFFECTS OF ANTACIDS
2.10 TYPES OF ANTACIDS
2.11 ANTACIDS AS A MAINSTAY INTERVENTION FOR REFLUX SYMPTONS
2.12 IMPACT OF HEARTBURN ON THE QUALITY OF LIFE AND THE RELEVANCE OF ANTACIDS IN SELF-CARE
2.13 PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN THE USE OF ANTACIDS
2.14 ANTACID INGREDIENTS: MECHANISMS TO CLINICAL EVIDENCE
CHAPTER THREE
3.0      MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1      MATERIALS
3.2      WEIGHT VARIATION TEST
3.3      HARDNESS TEST
3.4      FRIABILITY TEST
3.5      ACID NEUTRALIZING CAPACITY TEST
3.6      PH METER METHOD
3.7      BACK TITRATION METHOD
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 RESULT
4.4 DISCUSSION

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0      CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

• CONCLUSIONS
• RECOMMENDATION

REFERENCES

 

                                                               CHAPTER ONE
1.0                                                              INTRODUCTION
1.1                                                 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Antacids are commonly used worldwide as over - the - counter (OTC) drugs or prescribed medications. Antacids are drugs that neutralize excess gastric acids (Allen et al., 2015). They have been used as the mainstay of treatment for peptic ulcers, gastritis, gastro oesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and functional dyspepsia (Maton et al., 2019). Approximately 20% of the population in the United Kingdom visits their general practitioner each year with dyspeptic symptoms, while in Nigeria the prevalence rates range between 70% and 90% (Moayyedi et al., 2019).
Gastric ulcer is normally caused by a gram negative bacterium known as Helicobacter pylori a micro-aerophilic bacterium which means it requires oxygen to function. Helicobacter pylori is known to inhabit various areas of the stomach and duodenum, infection caused by it leads to chronic inflammation in the stomach lining. Although the pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is multifactorial (Scapignato, 2018) the damaging power of the refluxed material depends primarily on gastric acid secretion and the nature of refluxate in most of patients with GERD (Mittal et al., 2012).
Some antacid products may neutralize more acid in the stomach than others. The way to express the ability of an antacid to neutralize acid is by determining the antacid's neutralizing capacity (ANC). ANC measures the ability of the antacid to neutralize acids (pH of 3.5 to 4). The most effective antacids should have a high acid neutralization capacity and rapid gastric acid neutralization qualities. Most antacids contain magnesium hydroxide, aluminium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, or a combination of these.
Post market surveillance or monitoring involves all activities undertaken to obtain more data and information about a product after it had been granted marketing authorization and made available for public use. It is imperative to conduct post market surveillance or monitoring of approved medicines in order to adequately assess the quality of therapeutic effectiveness and safety of medicine. Routine laboratory testing of drug in the market is crucial to protect the public especially in developing countries where counterfeit and substandard drug have become a major challenge to health care services (Ngwuluka et al., 2019).
In Nigeria several attempt have been made to combat counterfeit and fake drugs (Ochekpe et al., 2016 and Raufu, 2013). Counterfeit and fake drugs are a major cause of morbidity, mortality and loss of public confidence in drugs and health system (Cockburn et al, 2015).
The aim of the study is to assess the product quality of different brands of antacid tablets, by evaluating their acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) using the titrimetric method in order to determine the appropriateness of their inter-changeability.

1.2                                    PROBLEM STATEMENT
The function of stomach is to help digest the food you eat. One way that it does this is through the use of stomach acid, also known as gastric acid. The main component of stomach acid is hydrochloric acid.
The lining of your stomach naturally secretes stomach acid. This secretion is controlled both by hormones and your nervous system. Sometimes ones stomach can produce too much stomach acid, which can lead to several unpleasant symptoms such as heartburn, acid reflux, and ulcers. Low levels of stomach acid may impair your ability to digest food. The antacids act by neutralizing the acid in the stomach and by inhibiting pepsin, which is a proteolytic enzyme. 

1.3                             AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main aim of this work is to determine the acid neutralizing capacity of 5 commercial antacid brands. The study will seek to achieve the following objectives:

• To assess the quality of different brands of antacid tablets
• To identify the mechanism of action antacids.
• To study the indications for antacid therapy, including relevant interactions with other medications.
• To review the potential adverse events associated with the use of antacids.

1.4                               SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study will serve as a means of determining the evaluation of uniformity of weight, uniformity of thickness, crushing strength, friability, as well as the acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) of antacid. The study will also serve as a means of ensuring that all the brands complied with the compendia specification for uniformity of weight and friability. This study could help prescribers to make informed choices for their patients.

1.5                              RESEARCH QUESTION

• How do you find the neutralizing capacity of an antacid?
• What is neutralization capacity of commercial antacid tablet?
• Which antacid neutralized the most acid?
• Which method is used in the determination of the capacity of antacid and why?

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CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "determining the acid neutralizing capacity of 5 commercial antacid brands" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "determining the acid neutralizing capacity of 5 commercial antacid brands" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "determining the acid neutralizing capacity of 5 commercial antacid brands" was reviewed.

CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "determining the acid neutralizing capacity of 5 commercial antacid brands" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "determining the acid neutralizing capacity of 5 commercial antacid brands" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.

CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "determining the acid neutralizing capacity of 5 commercial antacid brands" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "determining the acid neutralizing capacity of 5 commercial antacid brands" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work

CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of "determining the acid neutralizing capacity of 5 commercial antacid brands" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "determining the acid neutralizing capacity of 5 commercial antacid brands" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.

 

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