This work is on determining transmission line parameters from time-stamp data. Real-time computation of values on transmission lines has in the past not been a viable option. But with the introduction of affordable GPS time-stamping to industry this is changing. Real-time values measured hundreds of kilometers apart can be reliably compared with each other to determine transmission line parameters. This paper proposes the use of GPS time-stamped measurements to calculate the line impedance as well as the surge impedance loading (SIL) value of the transmission line.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0      INTRODUCTION
1.1      BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

• AIM OF THE PROJECT
• OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
• SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

• REVIEW TRANSMISSION LINE MODELS
• OVERVIEW OF GPS MODULES
• OVERVIEW OF GPRS MODULES
• SOURCES FOR TIMING
• APPLICATIONS OF GPS TIME-STAMPING
• TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS
• CHALLENGES OF THE WORK

CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY

• GPS MODEM COMMUNICATION
• SYSTEM FLOW CHAT
• TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETER DETERMINATION
• DETERMINING THE SIL CURVE
• EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS ANALYSIS

4.1    SIMULATION RESULTS
4.1.1 LINE PARAMETER DETERMINATION

4.2     DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

CHAPTER FIVE

• CONCLUSION
• FUTURE RESEARCH
• REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                    INTRODUCTION

Electricity use and access are strongly correlated with economic development, as theory would suggest. Despite large empirical literatures and suggestive case evidence, there are, however, few methodologically strong studies that establish causal effects on an economy-wide basis. Electricity is the driving force behind industry and subsequently the economy. This very important commodity is transported from power generation to the end user by means of overhead power lines. Nigeria coal fired power stations are the main source of generation. Electricity thus has to be transported to the outlaying areas since it is cheaper to transport electricity than coal. As a result, there is an abundance of power lines within Nigeria.
Transmission lines play an important part in the economy of not only in Nigeria  but also the rest of the world. Therefore the integrity of these lines is of the utmost importance. Transmission lines are largely fabricated out of aluminum which is a good conductor of electricity. Like all other conductors it has a resistive value. Depending on the configuration of the three phases of the transmission line, there is also a line inductance and capacitance. All of the above influence the efficiency of the power network as a whole. In order to determine the system fault level1, the parameters of generation, transmission and distribution has to be known. Thus, the impedance of transmission lines has to be determined in order to have a trustworthy system model. Here, line impedance refers to the equivalent shunt capacitance the series resistance and inductance of a transmission line. The fault level in turn is used for the grading of protection systems and the sizing of circuit breakers.

1.2                                          BACKGROUND OF THE WORK
A transmission line is used for the transmission of electrical power from generating substation to the various distribution units. It transmits the wave of voltage and current from one end to another. The transmission line is made up of a conductor having a uniform cross-section along the line. Air act as an insulating or dielectric medium between the conductors.
For safety purpose, the distance between the line and ground is much more. The electrical tower is used for supporting the conductors of the transmission line. Tower are made up of steel for providing high strength to the conductor. For transmitting high voltage, over long distance high voltage direct current is used in the transmission line.
The performance of transmission line depends on the parameters of the line. The transmission line has mainly four parameters, resistance, inductance, capacitance and shunt conductance. These parameters are uniformly distributed along the line. Hence, it is also called the distributed parameter of the transmission line.
The term performance includes the calculation of sending end voltage, sending end current, sending end power factor, power loss in the lines, and efficiency of transmission, regulation and limits of power flows during steady state and transient conditions.

1.2                                                  AIM OF THE PROJECT
The main aim of this project was to find a practical and accurate method to determine the parameters of a transmission line from GPS time stamped data.

1.3                                              OBJECTIVE OF THE WORK
At the end of this work, student involved should be able to:

• Understand the various line parameters
• Provide an overview of materials used for transmission lines
• Calculate inductance and capacitance for various geometrical configurations of both single- and three-phase systems
• Understand the effect of ground on capacitance calculations

1.4                                                                             SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

An overhead transmission line has groups of conductors running parallel to each other, carried on line supports. An electric transmission line conductor has four parameters: which are series combination of resistance, inductance, shunt combination of capacitance and conductance. The parameters are symbolized as R, L, C, and G, respectively.
The line parameters were determined from time stamped data from either side of the transmission line. An accurate reference signal is needed to precisely compare the measured signals. The timing signals from GPS units were used to reference the measurements. In a field implementation data transfer of the measured signals would be a necessity which can be accomplished by GPRS modems.

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