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DEVELOPMENT OF A MICRO HYDROPOWER SYSTEM  DRIVEN BY RAIN WATER

 

ABSTRACT

Hydropower plants are actually based on a rather simple concept -- water flowing through a dam turns a turbine, which turns a generator. Dam , Intake , Turbine , Generators , Transformer , Power lines, Outflow are the basic parts of any hydro power plant. A micro hydro power (MHP) system is a type of hydro electric power scheme that produces up to 100 KW of electricity using a flowing steam or a water flow. The electricity from such systems is used to power up isolated homes or communities and is sometimes connected to the public grid.
Micro hydro systems are generally used in developing countries to provide electricity to isolated communities or rural villages where electricity grid is not available. Feeding back into the national grid when electricity production is in surplus is also evident in some cases. The micro hydro scheme design can be approached as per household basis or at the village level often involving local materials and labor.

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                        INTRODUCTION

As energy becomes the current catchphrase in business, industry, and society, energy alternatives are becoming increasingly popular. Hydroelectricity exists as one option to meet the growing demand for energy and is discussed in this paper. The hydro-powered generator uses fast-flowing warer that are usually located on storage tank. A small-scale system is comprised of an intake, a pipeline, a turbine and a generator. The water is collected via an intake area then transferred from the stream through a long pipe (also known as a penstock).
Most machines that make electricity need some form of mechanical energy to get things started. Mechanical energy spins the generator to make the electricity.  In the case of hydro electricity, the mechanical energy comes from large volumes of falling water. The simplest way to produce the volumes of falling water needed to make electricity.  In this activity, we will use fiber blade to build a model of a simple micro-hydro system. It generates surprising amounts of electricity, provided you have a supply of pressurized water, such as from a lab sink.
Micro hydro is a type of hydroelectric power that typically produces from 5 kW to 100 kW of electricity using the natural flow of water. Installations below 5 kW are called pico hydro. These installations can provide power to an isolated home or small community, or are sometimes connected to electric power networks, particularly where net metering is offered. There are many of these installations around the world, particularly in developing nations as they can provide an economical source of energy without the purchase of fuel. Micro hydro systems complement solar PV power systems because in many areas, water flow, and thus available hydro power, is highest in the winter when solar energy is at a minimum. Micro hydro is frequently accomplished with a pelton wheel for high head, low flow water supply. The installation is often just a small dammed pool, at the top of a waterfall, with several hundred feet of pipe leading to a small generator housing.
In 1995, the micro-hydro capacity in the world was estimated at 28 GW, supplying about 115 TWh of electricity. About 60% of this capacity was in the developed world, with 40% in developing areas.

Micro hydro plants that are found in the developing world are mostly in mountainous regions for instance in the some places in the Himalayas as well as in Nepal where there are around 2,000 schemes, including both mechanical and electrical power generation.

1.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The objective of this work is to design a device that produces electricity through the fast-flowing water that is usually located on storage tank. This water flow turns the blade of the turbine that is connected to the generator which produces electricity, which is proportional to the water flow rate.

1.2                                                 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

Microhydro systems are very flexible and can be deployed in a number of different environments. They are dependent on how much water flow the source (creek, river, stream) has and the velocity of the flow of water. Energy can be stored in battery banks at sites that are far from a facility or used in addition to a system that is directly connected so that in times of high demand there is additional reserve energy available. These systems can be designed to minimize community and environmental impact regularly caused by large dams or other mass hydroelectric generation sites.
In relation to rural development, the simplicity and low relative cost of micro hydro systems open up new opportunities for some isolated communities in need of electricity. With only a small stream needed, remote areas can access lighting and communications for homes, medical clinics, schools, and other facilities. Microhydro can even run a certain level of machinery supporting small businesses. Regions along the Andes mountains and in Sri Lanka and China already have similar, active programs. One seemingly unexpected use of such systems in some areas is to keep young community members from moving into more urban regions in order to spur economic growth. Also, as the possibility of financial incentives for less carbon intensive processes grows, the future of microhydro systems may become more appealing.
Micro-hydro installations can also provide multiple uses. For instance, micro-hydro projects in rural Asia have incorporated agro-processing facilities such as rice mills – alongside standard electrification – into the project design.

1.3                                         SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

Microhydro power is generated through a process that utilizes the natural flow of water. This power is most commonly converted into electricity. With no direct emissions resulting from this conversion process, there is little to no harmful effects on the environment, if planned well, thus supplying power from a renewable source and in a sustainable manner. Microhydro is considered a "run-of-river" system meaning that water diverted from the stream or river is redirected back into the same watercourse. Adding to the potential economic benefits of microhydro is efficiency, reliability, and cost effectiveness.

1.4                                           LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
Microhydro systems are limited mainly by characteristics of the site. The most direct limitation comes from small sources with minuscule flow. Likewise, flow can fluctuate seasonally in some areas. Lastly, though perhaps the foremost disadvantage is the distance from the power source to the site in need of energy. This distributional issue as well as the others is key when considering using a microhydro system.

1.5                          PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION
The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:
Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to hydro-power system. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of a hydro-power system were discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review of  hydro-power system. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.
Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.
Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.

 

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