EFFECT OF DIFFERENT IRRIGATION SOURCE ON GROWTH YIELD AND HEAVY METALS CONTENT OF TOMATOES USING ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETER
USER'S INSTRUCTIONS: The project work you are about to view is on "effect of different irrigation source on growth yield and heavy metals content of tomatoes using atomic absorption spectrophotometer". Please, sit back and study the below research material carefully. This project topic "effect of different irrigation source on growth yield and heavy metals content of tomatoes using atomic absorption spectrophotometer" have complete 5(five) Chapters. The complete Project Material/writeup include: Abstract + Introduction + etc + Literature Review + methodology + etc + Conclusion + Recommendation + References/Bibliography.Our aim of providing this "effect of different irrigation source on growth yield and heavy metals content of tomatoes using atomic absorption spectrophotometer" project research material is to reduce the stress of moving from one school library to another all in the name of searching for "effect of different irrigation source on growth yield and heavy metals content of tomatoes using atomic absorption spectrophotometer" research materials. We are not encouraging any form of plagiarism. This service is legal because, all institutions permit their students to read previous projects, books, articles or papers while developing their own works.
TITLE PAGE
BY
---
--/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work, "effect of different irrigation source on growth yield and heavy metals content of tomatoes using atomic absorption spectrophotometer" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
By
--- . ---
Supervisor Head of Department.
Signature………………. Signature……………….
……………………………….
---
External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION: This work "effect of different irrigation source on growth yield and heavy metals content of tomatoes using atomic absorption spectrophotometer" research material is a complete and well researched project material strictly for academic purposes, which has been approved by different Lecturers from different higher institutions. We made Preliminary pages, Abstract and Chapter one of "effect of different irrigation source on growth yield and heavy metals content of tomatoes using atomic absorption spectrophotometer" visible for everyone, then the complete material on "effect of different irrigation source on growth yield and heavy metals content of tomatoes using atomic absorption spectrophotometer" is to be ordered for. Happy viewing!!!
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different irrigation sources (canal, tube-well and sewage) on growth, yield and heavy metal uptake of tomato. Growth attributes (plant height, number of leaves, relative leaf chlorophyll content and leaf area) and yield components (number of fruits and fruit size) of tomato was significantly increased with sewage water application. Lesser growth and yield of the studied vegetables was recorded with tube-well water. Use of sewage water improved total yields and fresh and dry plant biomass production of the vegetable. Significantly higher and lower lead (Pb), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr) and iron (Fe) contents were recorded in edible parts of the sewage and tube-well water irrigated vegetables, respectively. Edible parts (tomato fruits) of the sewage water irrigated vegetables exhibited heavy metals contents above the maximum permissible limits. Leaf and root samples of the sewage water irrigated tomato also contained significantly greater metals contents as compared to those irrigated with canal and tube-well water. It is concluded that vegetables irrigated with sewage water produced greater yields but these were found contaminated with heavy metals.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
- PPROBLEM STATEMENT
- AIM/OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
- SCOPE OF THE STUDY
- LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
- PROJECT ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 OVERVIEW OF TOMATOES
2.2 WATER: SUPPLY AND SOURCES
2.3 REVIEW OF THE STUDY
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLE
3.2 DATA COLLECTION
3.3 DETERMINATION OF HEAVY METALS PRE-TREATMENT
3.4 CHEMICALS
3.5 ACID DIGESTION AND ANALYSIS
3.6 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 RESULTS
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Freshwater is an inimitable natural source with fascinating qualities. Worldwide availability of clean water is deficient as its demand has increased three folds since 1950s mainly in countries of African, Middle Eastern and South Asian regions (Gleick, 2013). There are several contributing factors leading to water shortage in Africa including poor distribution systems of irrigation, salty ground water, rapid population growth and frequent drought conditions. This situation has led to the application of untreated city waste water for irrigating agricultural lands which has now become a common and prevalent practice in Africa especially in Nigeria (Khalil , 2011) and in many other developing countries of the world Nath et al., 2019).
Waste water is a possible source of organic and inorganic elements needed for plant growth ( Khan et al., 2013; Mosleh and Almagrabi, 2013). Farmers exploit waste water for irrigation in farming areas located in the vicinity of cities or around the industrial zones, considering this type of water as valuable and inexpensive source of nutrients and an appropriate alternative of fertilizers ( Murtaza et al., 2010). Waste water holds vital nutrients for plant growth such as N, P and K, and micronutrients including Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in addition to a substantial quantity of organic matter that contributes to enhance crop productivity (Rai et al., 2011; Ullah et al., 2011; Gosh et al., 2012). The increased growth and yield of corn raised by application of sewage water was ascribed to the presence of macro and micronutrients in waste water (Harati, 2013). Similar results were reported by Segura et al. (2012) suggesting significant increase in the yield of tomato and melon irrigated with waste water grown in greenhouse. Chalkoo et al., (2013) noticed that application of waste water along with phosphorus fertilization significantly increased growth with improved physiological, biochemical and yield attributes of chilli.
Waste water irrigation is generally considered as a main cause of buildup of heavy metals in the soils (Mapanda et al., 2015; Sharma et al., 2017; Ullah et al., 2011; Mosleh and Almagrabi, 2013). Excessive accretion of heavy metals in farming soils irrigated with waste water, not only cause soil contamination, but also contribute to elevate the levels of heavy metal accumulation in plants and thus jeopardize the food value and safety of the crops (Muchuweti et al., 2016). According to WHO (2016), recommended safer levels of various heavy metals for intake of human are Pb (2 mg/kg), Ni (10 mg/kg), Cu (10 mg/kg), Fe (150 mg/kg), Cd (0.02 mg/kg) and Cr (1.3 mg/kg). Intake of heavy metals through contaminated vegetables can exert a substantial health threat to humans, predominantly in levels exceeding the body needs (Banerjee et al., 2011). These metals, being highly toxic and non-biodegradable, damage human health when ingested even at parts per billion (ppb) level. These are gradually released into the body and can cause several diseases (Singh et al., 2010). The harmful impacts of heavy metals include incurable, neurotoxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic and teratogenic consequences (Sharma et al., 2018; Patra et al., 2010). The elevated heavy metals contents have also been reported to negatively influence blood acidity, and cause retardation, kidney damage, different types of cancer and even death among humans. This situation might become shocking for vegetarians as their main component of the food include fresh vegetables.
Food safety is one of the most pressing challenges. Evidence is available to suggests that majority of Pakistani foods are drastically implicated with contaminants like heavy metals; hence pose a dreadful threat to the human health and well-being (Akhtar, 2015). There is an increasing demand for food safety measures, which has stimulated researchers to evaluate food stuffs contaminated with heavy metals, which may cause health risks upon their consumption (D’Mello, 2013). In view of these facts, this study was envisaged to evaluate the growth, yield and accumulation of heavy metals in summer vegetable (tomato) grown in Nigeria.
1.2 AIM OF THE STUDY
The main aim of this work is to investigate the effects of different irrigation sources on growth, yield and heavy metal uptake of tomatoes.
- To study the importance of irrigation to tomatoes
- To study the different types of irrigation system used in Nigeria.
1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Growth attributes (plant height, number of leaves, relative leaf chlorophyll content and leaf area) and yield components (number of fruits / pods per plant and fruit size) of tomato were significantly increased with sewage water application. Field experiments was conducted in this study to investigate the effects of different irrigation sources on growth, yield and heavy metal uptake of two summer vegetables i.e. tomato.
1.4 LIMITATION OF STUDY
As we all know that no human effort to achieve a set of goals goes without difficulties, certain constraints were encountered in the course of carrying out this project and they are as follows:-
- Difficulty in information collection: I found it too difficult in laying hands of useful information regarding this work and this course me to visit different libraries and internet for solution.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet).
- Time Constraint: The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.
1.5 PROJECT ORGANISATION
The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study, chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "effect of different irrigation source on growth yield and heavy metals content of tomatoes using atomic absorption spectrophotometer" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "effect of different irrigation source on growth yield and heavy metals content of tomatoes using atomic absorption spectrophotometer" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "effect of different irrigation source on growth yield and heavy metals content of tomatoes using atomic absorption spectrophotometer" was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "effect of different irrigation source on growth yield and heavy metals content of tomatoes using atomic absorption spectrophotometer" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "effect of different irrigation source on growth yield and heavy metals content of tomatoes using atomic absorption spectrophotometer" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "effect of different irrigation source on growth yield and heavy metals content of tomatoes using atomic absorption spectrophotometer" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "effect of different irrigation source on growth yield and heavy metals content of tomatoes using atomic absorption spectrophotometer"consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of "effect of different irrigation source on growth yield and heavy metals content of tomatoes using atomic absorption spectrophotometer" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "effect of different irrigation source on growth yield and heavy metals content of tomatoes using atomic absorption spectrophotometer" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
To "DOWNLOAD" the complete material on this particular topic above click "HERE"
Do you want our Bank Accounts? please click HERE
To view other related topics click HERE
To "SUMMIT" new topic(s), develop a new topic OR you did not see your topic on our site but want to confirm the availiability of your topic click HERE
Do you want us to research your new topic? if yes, click "HERE"
Do you have any question concerning our post/services? click HERE for answers to your questions
For more information contact us through any of the following means:
Mobile No 
:+2348146561114 or +2347015391124 [Mr. Innocent]
Email address 
:engr4project@gmail.com
Watsapp No 
:+2348146561114
COUNTRIES THAT FOUND OUR SERVICES USEFUL
Australia, Botswana, Canada, Europe, Ghana, Ireland, India, Kenya, Liberia, Malaysia, Namibia, New Zealand, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Uganda, United States, United Kindom, Zambia, Zimbabwe, etc
Support: +234 8146561114 or +2347015391124
Watsapp No :+2348146561114
Email Address :engr4project@gmail.com
FOLLOW / VISIT US VIA:
