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TITLE PAGE
EFFECT OF RAINFALL AFFECTING TELEVISION SIGNALS (A CASE STUDY OF IBOGUN CAMPUS OGUN STATE, NIGERIA)
BY
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--/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---
DECEMBER,2018
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This is to certify that the research work, " effect of rainfall affecting television signals (a case study of ibogun campus ogun state, nigeria)" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
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Rainfall has a strong negative impact on the television signals most especially at the receivers’ end. This is due to the propagation effect caused by absorption of the wave signal by atmospheric rain. Television signals may reach the TV receiver unstable due to interferences caused by heavy rainfall, which creates undesirable poor quality reception and noise. The effect of rain induced attenuation on television signal reception is not enviable especially when it is heavy. The aim of this work is to analyze the correlation between received signal strength, and frequency of transmission. In carrying out this investigation, received signal strength measurements and rainfall data were collected concurrently for a period of one year during rainy and dry season.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
- AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
- SCOPE OF THE STUDY
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
- RESEARCH QUESTION
- LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- PPROJECT ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- REVIEW OF THE STUDY
- TELEVISION TRANSMISSION AND RECEPTION
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY
3.1 STUDY AREA
3.2 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Rainfall is a critical factor of water cycle dynamics as it is a vector for energy exchange between atmosphere, sea and land. Television signal transmission in the UHF and VHF band is highly affected by rainfall; as such signals are susceptible to high level of attenuation. Television transmission is indeed an important area of communication as many individuals seek for clear reception in their received TV signals. There is no doubt that poor TV signal reception is observed during rains (Obiyemi O. and Ibiyemi T). This action bridges the decimation of information by way of scrambling the received signal. Rain has been seen as a major source of interference on signal propagated for television communication (Nweke 2015). In Akobra S. et al, other than rainfall, the effect of Hamartan, sunshine and cloudy weather are investigated on the UHF and VHF band for television system. It was shown that; of all the adverse weather conditions, rainfall still remains the greatest source of attenuation on signal propagated. Investigation into the impact of rain on the satellite television transmission is a necessity for service providers to ensure adequate signal transmission during poor weather conditions [Imarihiagbe C.G and Ojeh V.N. 2018]. Rainfall can affect the transmission of electromagnetic signals in several ways; as system noise increase, signal attenuations, miss alignment loss, ionospheric losses, fixed atmospheric loss etc (Robert 2000). In Lee and Winkler 2011, investigation on the impact of rainfall on signal quality of a high speed link for video streaming activity was performed on the UHF and VHF band. The outcome implies that rain attenuation was not peculiar to the UHF and VHF band alone. Television transmission involves the passage of radio wave in the space between transmitting and receiving stations (Merriam 2017). The transmission process uses satellite for relaying television programs. Recent advances in satellite transmissions based on digital television system has led to the drastic increase in the utilization of UHF and VHF band frequency in many ways including direct to home broadcast arrangements (Sanjeev, et al., 2013). Communication satellites receives communication signal from a transmitting ground station, amplifies the signal and possibly processes it. The satellite further transmits the signal back to the earth for reception by one or more receiving ground stations. In television transmission principle, the satellite microwave systems transmit signals between directional parabolic receiving antenna.
The impact of rain as part of losses encountered in transmission system can also be estimated from statistical data. Thus, the thrust of this research is to analyse the impact of rain specifically on the UHF and VHF frequency band for TV transmission. The essence of this work is to determine the rain rate against attenuations as well as measure signal strength at different periods or range of time. The deduced data are simulated and indications pointed out that attenuations increase sharply as rain rate increases.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
The impact of rain does not only cause attenuation of satellite signals but also affects the cost of signal propagation from the transmission station. This is because; there will be need for increase in transmitting power of the equipment in compensation for loss caused by rain. Research also shows that, Rain attenuation causes a greater power requirement from the transmitting units which results into higher cost per bit of transmission (Eze et al., 2014). Investigation has also shown that at high frequencies, the wave length becomes significantly shorter, these short wavelengths are easily absorbed and scattered as they pass through raindrops (Siva, et al., 2012). This is principally the major reason for which rain signal cause detoriation of the received signal.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main aim of this work is to determine and analyze the extent rainfall can affect television transmission within the month of June and July which is the peak of rainy season. The objectives are:
- To determine the affects of rainfall on television signal
- To examine the general nature of the Weather characteristics in Ibogun campus Ogun State.
- To Identify the network signal quality on rainy days and days without rains and compare the reception quality of NTA station,
- To assess the television signals strength and quality content is concurrently monitored with respect to rainfall intensity
- To suggest solutions to identified problems of Satellite TV network that is linked to climate.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
During rainfall, signal transmission at frequencies leads to a noticeable degradation in the quality of the signal. This is as a result of the direct relationship between frequency and the proportional amount of rainfall commonly known as "rain fade" (Jalal, 2015). It is therefore important to state that, an idea of rain attenuation rate in a given location is necessary to structure out a reliable communication network in such location.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of this study is relevant for satellite TV providers to understudy the consequence of the result and take adequate measures to avoid signal interference during heavy rainfall.
This research work will throw more light on the negative impact of rain on tv signals. This study will also be designed to be of immense benefit to all the users of all viewers of television in that it will help them to understand the effect of nature on technology.
1.6 RESEARCH QUESTION
- Why does rain affect my TV signal?
- Can the weather affect my TV signal?
- How does weather affect digital TV signals?
- Do atmospheric conditions affect TV reception?
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
As we all know that no human effort to achieve a set of goals goes without difficulties, certain constraints were encountered in the course of carrying out this project and they are as follows:-
- Difficulty in information collection: I found it too difficult in laying hands of useful information regarding this work and this course me to visit different libraries and internet for solution.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
- Time Constraint: The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.
1.8 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In the course of carrying this study, numerous sources were used which most of them are by visiting libraries, consulting journal and news papers and online research which Google was the major source that was used.
1.9 PROJECT ORGANISATION
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CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of design and construction of a " effect of rainfall affecting television signals (a case study of ibogun campus ogun state, nigeria)" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of " effect of rainfall affecting television signals (a case study of ibogun campus ogun state, nigeria)" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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