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TITLE PAGE

EFFECT OF SOLID WASTE ALONG DRAINAGE CHANNELS

BY

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EE/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---

DECEMBER,2018

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APPROVAL PAGE

This is to certify that the research work, "effect of solid waste along drainage channels" by ---, Reg. No. EE/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.

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Supervisor                                                  Head of Department.
Signature……………….                           Signature……………….        

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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
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The rate of solid waste generation along drainage channel has increased to a devastating and uncontrollable rate in Nigeria as a result of human daily and economic activities. Although, the issue of solid waste disposal along drainage channel is a global one. Modernization, high standard of living, increase in population, technological innovation and excessive urbanization over the years has drastically contributed to the generation of municipal waste, through industrial and domestic activities. Due to inadequate waste disposal method, dumping of refuse along drainage channel is an unauthorized places is now the order of the day in the country, both in local and national level and penalties that are placed on defaulters are not been effectively carried out.
This study investigates the effect of indiscriminate solid waste disposal along drainage channel and environmental issues associated with the management of solid waste in Ibadan South West Local Government, Nigeria. Primary and Secondary data were used for the study. Primary data were acquired through structured questionnaires administered to a sample of 300 respondents which was randomly selected from the each local government area. The Questionnaire was administered based on the data elicited from the respondents were analyzed through non-parametric method of Chi-square. Three (3) hypotheses were formulated for this study which was all rejected; showing that indiscriminate dump of Solid Waste had significant effects on Environment, Health, people’s attitude and practice. Secondary data were acquired from desk review method; information on environmental issues emanating from poor management of indiscriminate solid waste was obtained from literatures that are relevant to the study. The results of the findings obviously show that several major streets, open spaces, and even water ways are been used as refuse dump sites within the local government. The major environmental issues resulting from improper disposal and poor management of solid waste in Ibadan South West local government are physical nuisance of the waste to the environment. Generally, the study shows that soil, air and water pollution in the study area are caused by both pathogenic and chemical elements from these large amount of solid waste that hit some of the market places, abandoned land/building and major streets. Therefore, this paper recommends that a strong legislation with severe penalty be put in place and there should be a continuous public enlightenment/education on the danger of indiscriminate waste to the general public. It is also recommended that available market be created for these waste that can be recycled.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0      INTRODUCTION

1. BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
2. PROBLEM STATEMENT
3. AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
4. PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
5. RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
6. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
7. RESEARCH QUESTION
8. PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

1. OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY
2. CONCEPT OF INDISCRIMINATE SOLID WASTE
3. CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH IMPACT
4. INDISCRIMINATE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
5. BEST WAY TO START IN NIGERIA
6. POSSIBLE MEASURES OF SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL

CHAPTER THREE

1. MATERIALS/METHODS
2. STUDY AREA
3. RESEARCH DESIGN
4. SAMPLE COLLECTION
5. RESULTS ANALYSIS

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0      TEST AND RESULT ANALYSIS

1. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

CHAPTER FIVE

1. SUMMARY
2. CONCLUSION
3. RECOMMENDATION
4. REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                          INTRODUCTION

1.1                          BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

Indiscriminate dumping refers to unlawful disposal of waste in undesignated spaces such as open or vacant land, along drainage channel, sources of water and other areas (Achi et al. 2012; Okechukwu et al. 2012; Machete and Shale 2015). Indiscriminate dumping is a common and prevalent though risky practice, especially among developed and developing communities. Two separate studies conducted in Nigeria and Ghana came to the same conclusions: that approximately 80% of solid waste in African countries was disposed of through indiscriminate dumping (Ogwueleka 2009; Aziale and Asafo-Adjei 2013). The prevalence of indiscriminate dumping and its spread across African communities is therefore clear. However, although indiscriminate dumping is more prevalent in developing countries, developed countries are not an exception.
This study appraised the indiscriminate solid waste disposal and the environmental issues relating to such disposal along drainage channel in Ibadan South West Local Government. Solid waste along drainage channel are regarded as discarded materials arising from operational activities taken place in different land use such as residential, commercial and industrial. Domestic or residential wastes are those that are collected from dwelling places on a regular basis, such waste include organic matter resulting from preparation and consummation of food, rags, nylon and ashes are the remains after various cooking and heating processes. The commercial wastes are those that arise from shops, supermarkets, market and others; they include paper carton, polythene bags and nylons. The industrial wastes are those waste materials that arise from industries; these could be solid, liquid, sludge or emotive title attached to them like toxic, hazardous and special waste. The industrial waste include metals, scraps, chips and grits from machine, shops, sawdust, paper pieces and glass (Omole and Alakinde 2013). Kenneth and Huie (1983) also classified solid waste into three categories, namely; garbage, ashes and rubbish. The garbage includes organic matter resulting from preparation and consumption of food. Ashes include remains from cooking and heating process and the rubbish may either take the form of combustible such as paper, rags, wood, leaves and weeds or non-combustible such as glass, plastic, polythene and metal materials.
Currently, most developing countries appear to be failing to find their way around solid waste handling and management. Consequent upon the high prevalence of indiscriminate dumping, people from developing economies are at risk of myriad environmental and health hazards, such as air pollution, water pollution and bio- chemical poisoning of food supplies, resulting from indiscriminately dumped municipal and hazardous waste materials (Rahman et al. 2013).
Waste disposal could be described as indiscriminate when such materials are disposed of at locations that are unlawful and where it could result in or trigger environmental or health hazards to people and animals alike. For instance, refuse disposed in or around canals can hinder the free passage of rain water through such channels and hence cause the overflow of rain water beyond boundaries to damaging proportions. This is common whenever flooding occurs. Several studies have shown that solid waste generation rate is average of 0.5kg per person per day (Okpala, 1984). The generation rates for the African’s major cities are estimated to range from 0.31 to 1.4kg per capital per day. This gives an average of 0.78kg (Achankang, 2003).
According to world Bank study, urban per capital waste management rate for most of the low-income countries will increase by approximately 0.2kg per day by 2025 because of relatively high annual growth rates of GNP and urban population (Chakrabarti and Ssarkhal, 2003).
Despite this, few of the populace is still served; where served, not all the refuse is collected in most cases. Due to the overwhelming volume of solid waste, the Ibadan City Council cannot single-handedly collect and dispose them. Consequently, the government has allowed private collection and disposal of these solid wastes on a commercial basis. It is alarming that problem of inefficient solid waste management still linger on after the incorporation of the private business men tagged ‘waste contractors’. This leaves refuse containers filled to the brim and sill over and more importantly allowing the refuse enough time to decompose. These constitute health risk to the household. Improper collection and disposal leads to spread of communicable diseases, obnoxious conditions and spoils biosphere as a whole; for instance, respiratory infections and diarrhea diseases have been identified as the two major causes of death among the poorest 20% of the world countries ranked by national GDP per capital (Gwatkin and Guillot, 1999). The outbreak of these diseases has been attributed to area where solid waste is improperly collected and disposed.
The poorest populations mostly resort to sporadic and indiscriminate dumping of their waste into available plots of land, sidewalks, roadways, streams, channels and drainage areas. More than 70 percent of the refuse generated in the city is disposed of in this way. These refuse are good contaminants of streams, ground water especially shallow wells and the entire environment. Therefore, this study aimed at assessing the effect of indiscriminate solid waste disposal and the environmental issues in Ibadan South and make necessary recommendations on waste disposal and management practices to prevent further deterioration of the environment and the negative effects on the human population in Ibadan South West Local Government Area.

1.2                                 PROBLEM STATEMENT
The Problem of Indiscriminate dumping of Solid Waste along drainage channel in the world at large has become extremely large and a dangerous issues in the society. Indiscriminate dumping of Solid Waste most especially along drainage channels can be found in all environments, both in urban and rural areas. Its consequences cannot be over emphasized. The major drainage – waterways, have been converted into refuse dumps sites by dwellers. These activities have lead to environmental degradation, air pollution, land pollution and harmful environment. Those who live close to area where dump sites are located suffer as a result of these problems. From the aforementioned above, this study aimed at investigating on the indiscriminate dump of Solid Waste along drainage channels in Ibadan South West local government.

1.3                                    AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study is to know the state of solid waste disposal, methods and environmental issues relating to such disposal along drainage channels.

The objectives of the study are;

1. To establish the current situation of solid waste disposal along drainage channels in Ibadan South West
2. To identify the method of waste disposal within the Local Government
3. To know the environmental issues associated with the management of solid waste.
4. To analyze the whether there is significant relationship between environment, health and peoples’ attitude towards solid waste disposal
5. To know the contribution of the local and state on solid waste disposal

1.4                               PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study is to investigate indiscriminate dump of Solid Waste along drainage channels and environmental issues in Ibadan South West local government.

1.5                                     RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

Formulated Hypotheses to guide this study are the following;

1. Indiscriminate dump of Solid waste has no significant effect on the Environment.

H1: Indiscriminate Solid Waste prevention leads to better environment for the present and future, thereby leading to sustainable development
H2: Indiscriminate dump of Solid waste disposal is a huge mess to the environment
H3: Indiscriminate dump of Solid waste disposal reduces environmental values
H4: Indiscriminate dump of Solid waste causes damage to soil through deposits of harmful chemicals and material
H5: Indiscriminate dump of Solid waste blocks drainages which can lead to flood in the environment

1. Indiscriminate dump of Solid waste has no significant effect on Health of the individuals

H1: Indiscriminate dump of Solid Waste causes infectious diseases among people
H2: Indiscriminate dump of Solid Waste pollutes the atmosphere which causes air-borne diseases
H3: Indiscriminate dump of Solid Waste is a breeding place for diseases vectors which transmit diseases H4: Indiscriminate dump of Solid Waste results to contamination of food and water
H5: Indiscriminate dump of Solid Waste causes Cholera and Dysentery

1. Indiscriminate dump of solid waste has no significant relationship between people’s attitude and practice. H1: Indiscriminate dump of Solid Waste arises because people cannot pay for the waste

H2: Indiscriminate dump of Solid Waste is because of people’s laziness H3: Indiscriminate dump of Solid Waste were dumped in abandoned lands
H4: Indiscriminate dump of Solid Waste results as a result of non-implemented sanctions for violators H5: Indiscriminate dump of Solid Waste dumped on the waterways

1.6                                                                 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study deals with the rate of solid waste generation along drainage channels which has increased to a devastating and uncontrollable rate in Nigeria as a result of human daily and economic activities. Although, the issue of indiscriminate solid waste disposal is a global one. Modernization, high standard of living, increase in population, technological innovation and excessive urbanization over the years has drastically contributed to the generation of municipal waste, through industrial and domestic activities. Due to inadequate waste disposal method, dumping of refuse in an unauthorized places is now the order of the day in the country, both in local and national level and penalties that are placed on defaulters are not been effectively carried out. Environment close to dump sites are exposed to significant and rapid environmental degradation mostly in municipal areas in Nigeria which brings about adverse effect on the general sustainability of urban life, poor agricultural yield, widespread of germs and diseases, extinction of aquatic bodies due to water toxicity and acidification. Apart from the fact that human health is at great risk, life becomes unbearable to dwellers in such environments. This study was carried out to address this issue.

1.7                                    RESEARCH QUESTION

During the survey conduct the following question were thrown to the respondent;

1. Do solid waste properly disposed along drainage channels within the Local Government?
2. Are there any benefits that can be derived from waste?
3. Does Solid waste a major environmental issue?
4. Does the quality of waste disposal services satisfactory?
5. Does method of waste adopted work for the resident living within the Local Government?
6. Is it good to bury waste than to burn it?

1.8                                             PROJECT ORGANISATION

The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study,  chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations

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CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "effect of solid waste along drainage channels" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "effect of solid waste along drainage channels" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.

CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "effect of solid waste along drainage channels" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "effect of solid waste along drainage channels" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work

CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of design and construction of a "effect of solid waste along drainage channels" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "effect of solid waste along drainage channels" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.

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