EFFECTIVE ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION NETWORK PLANNING WITH EMPHASIS ON FEEDER PROTECTION AND COORDINATION
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This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
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Distribution networks are inherently radial and passive owing to the ease of operation and unidirectional power flow. Proper installation of Distributed Generators, on the one hand, makesthe utility network active and mitigates certain power quality issues e.g., voltage dips, frequencydeviations, losses, etc., but on the other hand, it disturbs the optimal coordination among existingprotection devices e.g., over-current relays. In order to maintain the desired selectivity level, suchthat the primary and backup relays are synchronized against different contingencies, it necessitatesdesign of intelligent and promising protection schemes to distinguish between the upstream anddownstream power flows.This research proposes exploiting phase angle jump, an overlookedvoltage sag parameter, to add directional element to digital over-current relays with inverse timecharacteristics. The decision on the direction of current is made on the basis of polarity of phase anglejumptogetherwiththeimpedanceangleofthesystem.Theproposedschemeatfirstisevaluatedona test system in a simulated environment under symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults and, secondly,as a proof of the concept, it is verified in real-time on a laboratory setup using a Power Hardware-in-loop (PHIL) system.Moreover, a comparative analysis is made with other state-of-the-art techniquesto evaluatethe performanceandrobustness ofthe proposedapproach.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Industrial revolution 4.0 has brought a broad scope of installing intelligent and autonomous devices to upgrade the existing system to remain robust against abnormal conditions. Abnormalities include abrupt changes into the network characteristics due todifferent contingencies i.e., increased loading, frequent interruptions, sustained faults,etc.(Ukil et al., 2016).The traditional utility networks, being radial and passive are highly exposed to external disturbances but maintain their safety and security using conventional protection devices. Such protection devices lose their selectivity, to operate at the time of event for systems having intermittent power sources e.g., Distributed Generations (DGs) due to the bi-directional power flows (Juan et al., 2018). In order to upgrade the existingprotection schemes, two strategies are available, (1) changing internal settings of relays online and (2) adding directional element. However, exploiting directional element is a feasible option to ensure optimal operation and coordination of protection devices under faulty conditions (Łukasz et al., 2016).
With inception of faults, the network experiences voltage sag and the Sensitive Equipment(SE)may trip if its value is higher than the immunity level[6].The parameters characterizing the voltage sag are its magnitude, duration and phase angle jump.Themagnitude of voltage sag depends upon the type of fault and impedance of the network while its duration and phase angle jump rely on the fault clearing time and total X/Rratio of the network, respectively (Chen et al., 2016).However, installed DGs are expected to supportsystem’s voltage during sag conditions caused by prevailing contingencies (Katyara et al., 2021). However,when a fault occurs on the feeder, with DG installed between the fault point and protectivedevices, the relay senses a reduced fault current due to high fault impedance. Making installed protections chememore sensitive is also not a desirable effect because it results into sympathetic and false tripping of relay seven for transient events or faults occurring near the adjacent networks (Jennet et al., 2021).
Time coordination among relays (blue, green and red) with dedicated protection zones is shown by associated characteristics curves providing primary and backup functionalities.
To avoid false tripping and maintain standard Coordination Time Interval (CTI) be-tween the primary and backup relays, for effective protection coordination, two parametersi.e., Pick Current (IP) and Time Multiplier Setting (TMS) of over-current relays need tobe designed according to the network conditions (Anthony et al., 2015). The backup protection has an important role in coordination scheme as the level of current seen by it is always assumedto be in their forward operating zone otherwise should not be activated. However, theprimary relays are designed to operate for forward as well as for reverse directions todiscriminate between the upstream and downstream fault currents (Katyara, et al., 2015). To estimate faultdirection while ensuring coordination among network relays, lead-lag angle between phasevoltage and current is used as directional variable (Horak et al., 2016). We, in this research, following a similar idea, used phase angle jump approach instead. The intuition states that when the impedance angle is positive and phase angle jump is retarding, the direction is forward and if impedance angle is negative and phase angle jump is progressing then its reverse.
1.2 PROBLEMSTATEMENT
Most often when efforts are made to increase power generation and expand transmission systems,the power still does not get to the end users as expected. Disruption and technical losses abound.Both the supply authority and its customers suffer the socio-economic challenges, the only thing Ithink can be done is to critically look into our methods and of designing our substations. Theimportance of having a standard distribution network cannot be over emphasized as most of inhabitants in our societycannot even afford personal generator but rather depend on government supply of electricity inNigeria (Srivastava et al., 2016).
This issue of incorrect design of distribution network has caused so many people to look for alternate source of electricity power supply such as the so called “I-better pass my neighbor” which has been polluting our environment with exhausted fumes which is so dangerous and unfriendly to our lives, even this alternate source of electricity is being used in universities and other organizations. Nevertheless, since they needtocarryouttheirday-day activities to fend for their needs, they cannot bebanned.Painfully,anyonewhocannotaffordallthesesortsofalternatesourcesofsupplyof electricitywillunavoidablylive intotalblackoutandwallowindarkness,whichisverycommoninNigeria today (Srivastava et al., 2016).
Now, the only solution and option available for us is to start checking each part that contribute toour stages of supply of electricity step by stepwhere thecorrect design of distribution network playsaveryparamountrolehenceitcannotbelooked downupon.
1.3 AIMAND OBJECTIVES
The aim of this project is to study how to have an effective electrical distribution network planning with emphasis on feeder protection and coordination.
Objectivesoftheproject
Hencethisproject intends to:
- Improveelectricpowerdistributionnetwork
- Recommendwaystoreducetherateatwhichelectricityinterruption occur in distribution network
- Prescribe solutions to minimize overloading and losses along the distribution line.
- Ensureoptimaloperationandcoordinationofprotectiondevicesunderfaultyconditions
1.4 SCOPEOFSTUDY
The scope of this work covers studying effective electrical distribution network planning methods, making emphasis on feeder protection and coordination.
To ensure an effective electric power distribution to consumers by making proper planning without violating voltage and frequencydeviation and to make sure there is a high reliabilityin power supply according to the internationalstandard.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study will help to improve efficiency and allow future demand. This study will be of great benefit to all electrical students and electrical engineers by exposing them on how to substation are been made.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of"effective electrical distribution network planning with emphasis on feeder protection and coordination" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of"effective electrical distribution network planning with emphasis on feeder protection and coordination"consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on"effective electrical distribution network planning with emphasis on feeder protection and coordination"was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of"effective electrical distribution network planning with emphasis on feeder protection and coordination"is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of"effective electrical distribution network planning with emphasis on feeder protection and coordination"consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of"effective electrical distribution network planning with emphasis on feeder protection and coordination"is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of"effective electrical distribution network planning with emphasis on feeder protection and coordination"consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of"effective electrical distribution network planning with emphasis on feeder protection and coordination"is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of"effective electrical distribution network planning with emphasis on feeder protection and coordination"consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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