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TITLE PAGE

ENERGY EFFICIENT USE OF LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

BY

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EE/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---

DECEMBER,2018

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APPROVAL PAGE

This is to certify that the research work, "energy efficient use of light emitting diode" by ---, Reg. No. EE/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on Electrical and Electronics Engineering has been approved.

By
Dr. ---                                           Dr. ---
Supervisor                                                  Head of Department.
Signature……………….                           Signature……………….        

……………………………….
Dr. ---
External Invigilator

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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.

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PROJECT DESCRIPTION: This work “energy efficient use of light emitting diode” research material is a complete and well researched project material strictly for academic purposes, which has been approved by different Lecturers from different higher institutions. We made Preliminary pages, Abstract and Chapter one of “energy efficient use of light emitting diode” visible for everyone, then the complete material on “energy efficient use of light emitting diode” is to be ordered for. Happy viewing!!!

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A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a basic pn-junction diode, which emits light when activated. When a fitting voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons.
Light emitting diode offers well-described benefits, compared with conventional light microscopy,. However, its use in resource-limited settings has been limited by the high cost of the excitatory light source, using light-emitting diode (LED) technology as an alternative to the conventional mercury vapor lamp (MVP) because of its efficiency.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0      INTRODUCTION
1.1      BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

• AIM OF THE PROJECT
• OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
• LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
• APPLICATION OF LED
• SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

• HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LIGHT EMITTING DIODE
• REVIEW OF COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF AN LED
• REVIEW OF BLUE AND WHITE LED

CHAPTER THREE
3.0     CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY
3.1      EFFICIENT USE OF LIGHT EMITTING DIODE
3.2      CONSIDERATIONS FOR USE
3.3      ADVANTAGES OF USING LIGHT EMITTING DIODE
CHAPTER FOUR

• ADVANTAGES OF USING LIGHT EMITTING DIODE
• DISADVANTAGES OF USING LIGHT EMITTING DIODE
• LED LIFETIME AND FAILURE OF LED

CHAPTER FIVE

• CONCLUSION
• RECOMMENDATION
• REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE
1.0                                                        INTRODUCTION
1.1                                           BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a basic pn-junction diode, which emits light when activated. When a fitting voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor.
An LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2) and integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern.
Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs emitted low-intensity infrared light. Infrared LEDs are still frequently used as transmitting elements in remote-control circuits, such as those in remote controls for a wide variety of consumer electronics. The first visible-light LEDs were also of low intensity, and limited to red. Modern LEDs are available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.
Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps for electronic devices, replacing small incandescent bulbs. They were soon packaged into numeric readouts in the form of seven-segment displays, and were commonly seen in digital clocks.
Recent developments in LEDs permit them to be used in environmental and task lighting. LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. Light-emitting diodes are now used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting, automotive headlamps, advertising, general lighting, traffic signals, and camera flashes. However, LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are still relatively expensive, and require more precise current and heat management than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output.
LEDs have allowed new text, video displays, and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are also useful in advanced communications technology.

1.2                                               OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
This work focuses on the effective way light emitting diode can be useful both home and industries

1.3                                         SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
A significant difference from other light sources is that the light is more directional, i.e., emitted as a narrower beam. LED lamps are used for both general and special-purpose lighting. Where colored light is needed, LEDs that inherently emit light of a single color require no energy-absorbing filters.
White-light LED lamps have longer life expectancy and higher efficiency (more light for the same electricity) than most other lighting when used at the proper temperature. LED sources are compact, which gives flexibility in designing lighting fixtures and good control over the distribution of light with small reflectors or lenses. Because of the small size of LEDs, control of the spatial distribution of illumination is extremely flexible and the light output and spatial distribution of an LED array can be controlled with no efficiency loss.
LEDs using the color-mixing principle can emit a wide range of colors by changing the proportions of light generated in each primary color. This allows full color mixing in lamps with LEDs of different colors. Unlike other lighting technologies, LED emission tends to be directional which can be either advantageous or disadvantageous, depending on requirements. For applications where non-directional light is required, either a diffuser is used, or multiple individual LED emitters are used to emit in different directions.

1.4                                             LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
LED efficiency and life span drop at higher temperatures, which limits the power that can be used in lamps that physically replace existing filament and compact fluorescent types. Thermal management of high-power LEDs is a significant factor in design of solid state lighting equipment.
LED lamps are sensitive to excessive heat, like most solid state electronic components. LED lamps should be checked for compatibility for use in totally or partially enclosed fixtures before installation since heat build-up could cause lamp failure and/or fire.
LED lamps may flicker. The extent of flicker is based on the quality of the DC power supply built into the lamp structure, usually located in the lamp base.
Depending on the design of the lamp, the LED lamp may be sensitive to electrical surges This is generally not an issue with incandescents, but can be an issue with LED and compact fluorescent bulbs. Power circuits that supply LED lamps can be protected from electrical surges through the use of surge protection devices.
The long life of LEDs, expected to be about 50 times that of the most common incandescent bulbs and significantly longer than fluorescent types, is advantageous for users but will affect manufacturers as it reduces the market for replacements in the distant future.

1.5                                     APPLICATION OF LED

Some of the important applications of LED  are given below:

• It is used in optical switching application.
• It is used in burglar alarm system.
• It is used for indicating power ON/OFF conditions, power level indicators or stereo amplifiers.
• It is used in image sensing circuits in videophones.
• It is used in optical communication system.
• It is used for checking the linearity, speed etc. of opto-electronic detection circuits.
• It is used in motorcycle and bicycle lights.
• It is used in traffic lights and signals.

1.6                                                 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are solid state, robust, very long-lived lights. They can also be designed to emit pure, selectable colors. What's more, the efficiency of converting electricity to light is improving rapidly as the LED industry evolves, so LEDs are becoming more energy efficient all the time

CHAPTER TWO: The complete chapter two of “energy efficient use of light emitting diode” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of “energy efficient use of light emitting diode” consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on “energy efficient use of light emitting diode” was reviewed.

CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of “energy efficient use of light emitting diode” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of “energy efficient use of light emitting diode” consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.

CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of “energy efficient use of light emitting diode” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of “energy efficient use of light emitting diode” consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work

CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of “energy efficient use of light emitting diode” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of “energy efficient use of light emitting diode” consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.

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