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TITLE PAGE

 

BY

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--/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---

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APPROVAL PAGE

This is to certify that the research work, "environmental impact assessment" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.

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Supervisor                                                  Head of Department.
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External Invigilator

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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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Environmental impact assessment is referred to the need ‘to identify and predict the impact on the environment and on man’s health and well-being of legislative proposals, policies, programmes, projects and operational procedures, and to interpret and communicate information about the impacts. The Environmental impact assessment process helps identify the possible environmental effects of a proposed activity and how those impacts can be mitigated. The legal, methodological and procedural foundations of environmental impact assessment were established in 1970 by theenactment of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) in the USA. At theinternational level, lending banks and bilateral aid agencies have Environmental impact assessment proceduresthatapply toborrowing andrecipientcountries.Mostdeveloping counties (such as Nigeria)havealso embraced and are in the process of formalizing EIA through legislation.Thework discusses the evolution to current status, the legal framework, concepts,processesandprinciples ofEIAand associatedstudies. 

TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1      BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
1.2      AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
1.3    SCOPE OF THE STUDY
1.4      SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
1.5      RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1.6      DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
CHAPTER TWO
2.0      LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1      ORIGINOFENVIRONMENTALIMPACT ASSESSMENT
2.2      ENVIRONMENTALIMPACT ASSESSMENTINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES
2.3      BENEFITSOFTHEENVIRONMENTALIMPACT ASSESSMENTPROCESS
2.4      ENVIRONMENTALIMPACT ASSESSMENTRELATEDSTUDIES
2.5      EIALEGAL,POLICY&INSTITUTIONALFRAMEWORK
2.6      NIGERIA INSTITUTIONALANDREGULATORYFRAMEWORK
CHAPTER THREE
3.0      METHODOLOGY
3.1    THEPURPOSESOFENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
3.2      ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTASSESSMENT(EIA)PROCESS
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1      ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENTPLAN(EMP)&ENVIRONMENTALMONITORING
4.2      ENVIRONMENTALMONITORING
4.3      ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSTATEMENT(EIS)
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1      CONCLUSION
5.2      RECOMMENDATION
5.3      REFERENCES

 

CHAPTER ONE
1.0                                                        INTRODUCTION
1.1                                               BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Overthelastfourdecadestherehasbeenaremarkable growth of interest in environmentalissues–insustainabilityandthebettermanagementofdevelopmentinharmonywiththeenvironment.Associatedwiththisgrowthofinterest has been the introduction of new legislation,emanatingfromnationalandinternationalsources, whichseeks to influence the relationship between developmentandtheenvironment.Environmentalimpact assessment (EIA) is an important example.Environmentalimpact assessmentlegislationwasintroducedintheUSAover40years ago. A European Community (EC) directivein 1985 accelerated its application in EU MemberStatesandithasspreadworldwide.SinceitsintroductionintheUKin1988,ithasbeenamajorgrowthareaforplanningpractice;theoriginally anticipated 20 environmental impactstatements (EIS) per year in the UK has escalatedtoseveralhundreds,andthisisonlythetipoftheiceberg. The scope of environmentalimpact assessmentcontinues to widen andgrow.
Looking at Nigeria, Nigeria(Africa’smostpopulousnation),independentsince1960,occupiesanareaof923,768km2withvariedclimatesandseasons.Presently,its estimatedpopulationisover100millionpeople. Priortooil,agriculture(before1970)wastheeconomicmainstay.Withfinancialresourcesavailablefromoilandnodevelopmentpolicy,unguidedurbanizationandindustrializationtookplace.Uncontrolledpopulationgrowth,desertification,anddeforestationledtodegradationanddevastationoftheenvironment.
Asdesirableandnecessaryasdevelopmentis,itbecameanalbatrossnotofitselfbutbecauseofthelackofappropriatepoliciestoguideit.
Therewereseveralsectoralregulationsaimedatcontrollingenvironmentaldegradationwhichwereunsuccessfulduetotheabsenceofeffectivesanctions.Economicconsiderationsandfundamentallackofknowledgeofinterdependentlinkagesamongdevelopmentprocessesandenvironmentalfactors,aswellashumanandnaturalresources,resultedinanunmitigatedassaultontheenvironment.However,theenvironmentandtheneedforitspreservation(inspiteofalleffortsbyUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgram[UNEP]andInternationalConventionswhichNigeriaratified),tookcentrestageafterthemomentousandsingulareventofthesecretdumpingoftoxicwasteinKokoPort,BendelState(nowDeltaState)inMay1988byforeignparties.ThiswasfollowedbythepromulgationoftheHarmfulWastes(SpecialCriminalProvisions)Act1990.Initswake,internationalseminarsandworkshopswereheldinAbujaandLagosandtheconsensuswasfor appropriateenvironmentallegislationtodiscourageshort-termplansand‘firebrigade’approachestoenvironmentalissues.
Aninstitutionalframeworkwassetuptodealwiththeproblemsofourenvironment.TheFederalEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(FEPA),establishedbyDecree58of1988ofthesamenameandamendedbyDecree59of1992,wasgivenresponsibilityforcontroloverourenvironmentandforthedevelopmentofprocessesandpoliciestoachievethis.ApartfrompublishingtheNationalPolicyontheEnvironment(NPE)in1989,withthepolicygoalofachievingsustainabledevelopment,itpublishedothersectoralregulationsincludingtheNationalEnvironmentalProtection(PollutionAbatementinIndustriesandFacilitiesGeneratingWastes)Regulation1991whereinEIAwasmadeobligatoryonlywhensodemandedbyFederalEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(FEPA)andcompliancewaswithin90daysofsuchdemand.HoweverintheoilindustrytheprincipallegislationisthePetroleumAct1969andallderivativeregulationschargedDPRamongotherswithpollutionabatement.
States and Local Government Councils (LG) which comprise the second andthird tiers of government were encouraged under Decree 59 of 1992 to set uptheirownenvironmentalprotectionagencies.
Separate Environmentalimpact assessment legislation, the Environmentalimpact assessment Decree 86 of 1992, was promulgatedestablishing FEPA as theapex regulator, making Environmentalimpact assessment mandatory for alldevelopmental purposes (although with some exceptions). Under it FederalEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(FEPA)haspublishedvarioussectoralenvironmentalimpact assessmentprocedurestogetherwithEnvironmentalimpact assessmentproceduralguidelinesin1995.
It is therefore perhaps surprising that the introduction of environmentalimpact assessment met with strong resistance frommany quarters. Plannersargued, with partial justification, that they werealready making such assessments. Many developerssawitasyetanothercostlyandtime consumingconstraintondevelopment,andcentralgovernmentwasalsounenthusiastic.This work therefore discussesenvironmentalimpact assessmentasaprocess.
1.2                                              AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The main aim of this work is to discuss environmentalimpact assessment process which serves as a means of informingdecision-makers and the public of theenvironmental consequences of implementing aproposed project. The objectives of this study are:

1. To identify,predict,andanalyzeimpact on the physical environment, as well associal, cultural, and health impacts.
2. Itidentifiesalternativesand mitigationmeasurestoreducetheenvironmentalimpact of a proposed project.

1.3                                              SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of this work covers the Environmentalimpactassessment(EIA)process which is an interdisciplinary and multi-stepproceduretoensurethatenvironmentalconsiderations are included in decisions regardingprojectsthatmayimpacttheenvironment.Simplydefined,theenvironmentalimpact assessmentprocesshelpsidentifythepossibleenvironmental effects of a proposed activity andhowthoseimpactscanbemitigated.
1.4                                      SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The environmentalimpact assessment processserves as an important procedural role in theoverall decision-making process by promotingtransparencyandpublicinvolvement.
Insomecountries,a decision-maker may, in fact, choose the mostenvironmentally-harmful alternative, as long asthe consequences are disclosed in the environmentalimpact assessment. Inotherwords,theenvironmentalimpact assessmentprocessensuresaninformeddecision, but not necessarily an environmentally-beneficialdecision.
1.5                                              RESEARCH QUESTION
What is environmental impact assessment?
What are the steps in environmentalimpact assessment process?
What are the types of environmentalimpact assessment?

1.6                                            DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

Thefollowingarekeytermsusedinthisstudy
Environmental Impact Assessment: A tool used to identify the environmental, social, and economicimpactsofaprojectpriortodecisionmaking.Itaimstopredictenvironmentalimpactsatanearlystageinprojectplanninganddesign,findwaysandmeanstoreduceadverseimpacts,shapeprojectstosuitthelocalenvironment,andpresentthepredictionsandoptionstodecisionmakers.
Environment:Thecomplexofphysical,chemical,andbioticfactors(suchasclimate,soil,andlivingthings)thatactuponindividualorganismsandcommunities,includinghumans,andultimatelydeterminetheirformandsurvival.Itisalsotheaggregateofsocialandculturalconditionsthatinfluencethelifeofanindividualorcommunity.Theenvironmentincludesnaturalresourcesandecosystemservicesthatcompriseessentiallife-supportingfunctionsforhumans,includingcleanwater,food,materialsforshelter,andlivelihoodgeneration.
Impact:Anyeffectcausedbyaproposedactivityontheenvironment,includingeffectsonhumanhealthandsafety,flora,fauna,soil,air,water,climate,landscapeandhistoricalmonuments,orotherphysicalstructures,ortheinteractionamongthosefactors.Italsoincludeseffectsonculturalheritageorsocioeconomicconditionsresultingfromalterationstothosefactors.
Reconstruction:Theactionstakentoreestablishacommunityafteraperiodofrecoverysubsequenttoa disaster.Actions would include construction of permanent housing, full restoration of all services, andcompleteresumptionofthepre-disasterstate.
Recovery:Therestoration,andimprovementwhereappropriate,offacilities,livelihoods,andlivingconditionsofdisaster-affectedcommunities,includingeffortstoreducedisasterriskfactors.
Response(alsocalledDisasterRelief):Theprovisionofemergencyservicesandpublicassistanceduringorimmediatelyafteradisasterinordertosavelives,reducehealthimpacts,ensurepublicsafety,andmeetthebasicsubsistenceneedsofthepeopleaffected.
Transparency:Assessment process,outcomesanddecisionsshouldbeopenandaccessible.
Certainty:Theprocessandtimingoftheassessmentshouldbeagreedinadvancedandfollowedbyallparticipants.
Accountability: The decision-makers and project proponents are responsible to all parties for theiractionand decisions underthe assessmentprocess.
Credibility:Assessmentisundertakenwithprofessionalismandobjectivity.
Practical-theprocessshouldresultpractical outputs,whichcanbeimplementedbyproponent.
Relevant-theprocessshouldfocusinformationthatisrelevantfordevelopmentplanninganddecision-making.
Focused - the process should concentrate on significant environmental effects and key issues that needto betaken intoaccountinmakingdecisions.
Interdisciplinary- the process should ensure that the appropriate techniques and experts in therelevant disciplines areemployed, includinguse oftraditionalknowledge asrelevant.
Integrated - the process should address the interrelationships of social, economic and biophysicalaspects.

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