ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF GEOTHERMAL EMISSIONS IN KENYA
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Geothermal energy has surfaced as a promising renewable energy resource, due to its capacity to deliver clean, sustainable, and dependable electricity (Anderson and Rezaie, 2019). Kenya has been a leader in Africa when it comes to developing geothermal energy. The country uses its abundant geothermal resources to power its expanding energy needs (Avci et al., 2020). Nevertheless, the investigation and utilization of geothermal resources might result in notable environmental consequences, specifically regarding the release of geothermal fluids (Jolie et al., 2021). Geothermal fluids, obtained from subterranean reservoirs during the generation of geothermal energy, comprise a diverse range of chemical constituents, such as gases, dissolved solids, and suspended particles (Meller et al., 2017). These emissions have the potential to harm natural systems, water resources, soil health, and air quality if they are not controlled (Brouwer, 2018; Manisalidis et al., 2020; Siddiqua et al., 2022). The release of greenhouse gases, the degradation of water quality from geothermal effluent discharge, and the disturbance of ecosystems through changes in land use are just a few ways in which the exploration and exploitation of geothermal resources could impact the surrounding environment (Shortall et al., 2015; Dhar et al., 2020; Soltani et al., 2021). The sustainable development of geothermal energy in Kenya depends on effective management and mitigation techniques to minimize these environmental repercussions (Gichuhi et al., 2020; Soltani et al., 2021).
This study seeks to examine the ecological consequences of geothermal fluid emissions in Kenya, acknowledging the significance of sustainable geothermal energy development. The study aims to enhance the existing knowledge on geothermal energy and its environmental concerns by analyzing the characteristics and magnitude of these emissions, as well as their potential impact on the environment.
1.1 Background and Significance of Geothermal Energy in Kenya
Among African countries, Kenya has been a pioneer in developing methods to use geothermal energy. In 1981, Kenya embarked on its path to become a geothermal energy sector leader with the commissioning of Olkaria I, the country's first geothermal power plant (Mangi, 2018). Subsequently, the advancement of geothermal energy has been crucial in expanding Kenya's energy sources, diminishing its dependence on fossil fuels, and fulfilling the increasing need for electricity due to industrialization and population expansion (Carvallo, et al., 2017).
Kenya possesses a remarkable geothermal potential, with an estimated capacity of over 10,000 megawatts (MW) of resources situated throughout the East African Rift System (Benti et al., 2023). In 2022, the country's geothermal power capacity reached 863 MW, establishing it as the leading generator of geothermal energy in Africa and the eighth-largest internationally (Venomhata et al., 2023).
The Kenyan government has acknowledged the significant value of geothermal energy in attaining its national energy strategy goals of guaranteeing accessible, dependable, and enduring energy provision (Lemi, 2023). Geothermal energy offers a sustainable and environmentally friendly means of generating continuous power, while also promoting economic growth, employment opportunities, and the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions (Soltaniet al., 2021).
Nevertheless, the investigation and utilization of geothermal resources come with environmental repercussions. Extracting geothermal fluids from underground reservoirs can lead to the emission of diverse chemical compounds, such as gases, dissolved solids, and suspended particles. These emissions have the potential to affect the quality of air, water resources, soil health, and ecological systems in the surrounding areas (Zucca et al., 2003; Wassie, 2020).
Given the ongoing growth of the geothermal energy industry in Kenya, it is imperative to comprehensively comprehend and mitigate the environmental consequences linked to the release of geothermal fluids.
1.2 Objectives and Scope of the Study
The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the environmental effects linked to the release of geothermal fluids from geothermal power facilities in Kenya. More precisely, the study seeks to:
- Analyze the content and characteristics of geothermal fluid emissions, including gases, dissolved solids, and suspended particles, originating from specific geothermal power facilities in Kenya.
- Assess the possible environmental consequences of these emissions on the quality of air, availability of water resources, condition of soil, and functioning of ecological systems in the nearby regions.
- Evaluate and examine the current regulatory framework, recommendations, and optimal methods for reducing the environmental consequences of geothermal fluid emissions in Kenya.
- Offer guidance to policymakers, geothermal energy developers, and other relevant parties on strategies to diminish the ecological impact of geothermal energy generation in Kenya.
1.3 Scope of the Study
This study focuses exclusively on evaluating the environmental consequences that arise from the release of geothermal fluids during the operation of geothermal power facilities. It excludes other possible environmental effects linked to the exploration, drilling, construction, or decommissioning stages of geothermal energy development. The study will concentrate on a specific group of geothermal power facilities in Kenya, which will be chosen to represent various geographical areas and operational features. This approach aims to obtain a thorough comprehension of the matter under investigation. The study will employ a blend of field data collecting, laboratory analysis, and literature evaluation to acquire and scrutinize pertinent information.
1.4 Organization of the Thesis
The thesis is structured into six primary chapters, in addition to references and appendices.
Chapter 1: Introduction
This chapter presents a comprehensive introduction to the research subject, encompassing the historical context and importance of geothermal energy in Kenya, the goals and extent of the study, and the structure of the thesis.
Chapter 2: Literature Review
This chapter provides a thorough examination of pertinent literature, encompassing a summary of geothermal energy, the exploration and utilization of geothermal energy in Kenya, the ecological consequences of geothermal energy emissions, and instances and optimal methods for minimizing environmental repercussions.
Chapter 3: Methodology
This chapter outlines the specific methodological approach employed for the study, encompassing information on the study region, techniques for data collecting and analysis, as well as the criteria and indicators utilized to evaluate the environmental effects of geothermal fluid emissions.
Chapter 4: Results and Discussion
This chapter covers the study's findings, commencing with a comprehensive overview of the progress made in geothermal energy production in Kenya. Subsequently, it offers a description of geothermal fluid discharges, followed by an examination and assessment of the ecological consequences of these discharges on the atmosphere, aquatic bodies, land, and biological systems.
Chapter 5: Mitigation Measures and Best Practices
This chapter examines several tactics and measures aimed at mitigating the environmental effects caused by the release of geothermal fluids. The text examines the legislation and norms pertaining to the development of geothermal energy in Kenya. It also presents case studies and insights gained from other locations that have successfully implemented geothermal energy production.
Chapter 6: Conclusion and Recommendations
This chapter provides a concise overview of the main discoveries made throughout the study and offers suggestions for policymakers, geothermal energy developers, and other interested parties to promote the sustainable and responsible growth of geothermal energy in Kenya. Additionally, it addresses the constraints of the study and proposes avenues for future investigation.
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