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TITLE PAGE

EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE POWER SUPPLY FOR MINI-BUSINESS (CASSAVA GRINDING ENTERPRISE) FOR RURAL COMMUNITIES

BY

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EE/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
INSTITUTE OF ---

DECEMBER,2018

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APPROVAL PAGE

This is to certify that the research work, "evaluation of alternative power supply for mini-business (cassava grinding enterprise) for rural communities" by ---, Reg. No. EE/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on Electrical and Electronics Engineering has been approved.

By
Engr. ---                                                     Engr. ---
Supervisor                                                  Head of Department.
Signature……………….                           Signature……………….        

……………………………….
 Engr. ---
External Invigilator

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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.

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PROJECT DESCRIPTION: This work “evaluation of alternative power supply for mini-business (cassava grinding enterprise) for rural communities” research material is a complete and well researched project material strictly for academic purposes, which has been approved by different Lecturers from different higher institutions. We made Preliminary pages, Abstract and Chapter one of “evaluation of alternative power supply for mini-business (cassava grinding enterprise) for rural communities” visible for everyone, then the complete material on “evaluation of alternative power supply for mini-business (cassava grinding enterprise) for rural communities” is to be ordered for. Happy viewing!!!

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The competing needs for cassava cut across both human and animal consumption. It is fast becoming a popular raw material in industrial production and is now a preferred material for making biofuels and many other products. Several small scale cassava farmers are making a fortune and changing their lives through this business.
In Africa most rural people still use hand cassava grinding methods to prepare their daily food while some use fuel powered cassava grinding method. This takes a lot of time and is an arduous work mainly carried out by woman and children while fuel powered consumes lot of money for fuel most expecially in countries such as Nigeria where cost of buying fuel is very high. Therefore the introduction of solar powered motorized mills can improve their living conditions. Therefore a new PV-driven cassava with a diameter of 150 mm and a maximum capacity of 3 kg per hour was constructed and optimized. By optimizing the design and operation of the mill the maximum power requirement is 3kw motor. Using 4kw PV-panels and a battery of 85 Ah, and an inverter of 4kw will also be used to power the motor, 15-60 kg of grain can be processed per day. This paper describes and evaluate the influence of the type of cassava mini grinding business for rural communities.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0      INTRODUCTION
1.1      BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

• AIM OF THE STUDY
• OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
• LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
• PROBLEM OF THE STUDY
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

• REVIEW OF CASSAVA PRODUCTION, PROCESSING AND MARKETING
• CASSAVA PROCESSING PROCESS
• THE BENEFITS OF SOLAR POWER IN RURAL AREAS

CHAPTER THREE
3.0     CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY
3.1     MATERIALS USED
3.2      SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
3.3     THE WIRING DIAGRAM
3.4     WORKING PRINCIPLE
3.5      DIRECT LINKAGE METHOD AND ITS LIMITATION
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1      RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CHAPTER FIVE

• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES

 

 CHAPTER ONE
1.0                                        INTRODUCTION
The production, processing and marketing of cassava provides a major source of income for 450 million people, often women and the poorest, in Nigeria. Cassava is not only strategically important as a food source and famine reserve, combining high calorific efficiency with versatile low cost/input, reliable and flexible production, but is now seen as a pro-poor vehicle for economic development.  However, cassava farmers, particularly from remote areas, have restricted market access for their produce, because the roots are highly perishable, bulky and expensive to transport. Processing by small-scale farmers, to produce dry, shelf-stable products can be cost-effective and provide a means of producing value-addition close to the supply source. If large enterprises start using dried cassava products, and large numbers of small farmers can supply this new demand a substantial number of sustainable, market-led, new livelihood opportunities will be created.

In adding value to cassava, technology has a significant role to play. For small scale commercial operations, it is important that the appropriate technology be adopted. Appropriate for example in terms of fabrication materials to meet required food safety standards, capacity to meet targeted product demand, robustness, design and operation, with minimum fuel consumption, where applicable. Many common cassava processing units are not fit for commercial purpose and were originally donated in pro poor development projects for household utilization. There may be a need to build  local capacity in fabrication and maintenance of process technology in the form of technology transfer. In terms of small to medium scale cassava processing, Nigeria have developed appropriate technology that can be transferred to other less advanced cassava processing countries such as Angola. Technology alone however does not yield results. Small-scale producers and processors need to know how to identify profitable market opportunities, differentiate their produce, and work with other stakeholders in the market chain to meet changing consumer demands. To engage effectively, they need to gain new skills.
Considering the challenge that most of the cassava grinding enterprises is facing which is basically on high rate of fuel consumption of their grinding machine and high cost of fuel in the filling station. Now, technology has provides a way out of the mess by providing a mini cassava grinding machine that uses solar energy  as an alternative power supply. The aim of this work is to evaluate the pv powered grinding machine as an alternative power supply for mini grinding machine for cassava grinding business men in rural areas.

1.1                                  BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
In African countries such as Nigeria cassava grinding is still accomplished using fuel or disel operating engine, using this machine driving the pulley of the grinding machine which rotates the grater that grinds the cassava. The method consumes resources in that the cost of buying the fuel is very high. Therefore, grinding 2.5 kg of cassava which is the average daily consumption of an African family cost huge amount of money (Chinsman, 1985). These grindings are usually operated as customer grinds, where people bring their cassava and pay for the grinding service. However, the available capacity is sufficient for 150 to 10 000 families. Since the cassava is only prepared for a couple of days in advance to avoid degradation, such grinds are limited to areas with a certain infrastructure and population density. However, in rural areas with a more scattered population distribution, people often have to walk long distances. This indicates that the grinding process takes a considerable amount of time, irrespective of the method of grinding. Reducing the time and energy spent on grinding could increase the time available for other more productive activities. Therefore, the development of inexpensive motorized mills with a low capacity of 2 to 5 kg/h could help to improve the living conditions and the livelihood in rural areas of developing countries.
However, while the power requirement to drive such a mill is 50 to 200 W, the smallest available standard diesel or petrol engines provide 2 to 3 kW. Furthermore the investment  and operation costs are high and the fuel and spare parts supply is unreliable. In contrast to this electric drives are cheaper, available at almost any power rating, require almost no maintenance and are simple in operation. However, an electrical grid connection is not available in most cases. Therefore, considering the low power requirement and the typically high daily solar radiation of 5 to 6 kWh per m² in many tropical and subtropical areas, a AC- motor with a power supply from a PV-generator is a promising and cost effective alternative for the drive (see also GTZ, 1992; Hulscher and Fraenkel, 1994). To reduce the size of the required PV-generator, the most important goals of this work were to reduce the energy and the maximum power requirement of the machine.

1.2                                    AIM OF THE STUDY
The main aim of the work is to assess the context within which the micro-enterprises can take place and whether one should go ahead to prepare a business plan as a first step towards the establishment of the micro-enterprise for renewable energy services for rural communities. The overall goal is to create employment in the energy sector for cassava grinding enterprises in rural communities in Nigeria and to save reources.

1.3                                  OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
At the end of this work, student involved shall be able to:

• Know the importance of having an alternative power supply in a mini grinding machine.
• Estimate the cost of using an alternative power supply in a mini cassava grinding business.
• Know the impact of using an alternative power supply in a business.
• Replace fuel powered mini grinding machine with pv-powered mini grinding machine for cassava grinding business.

1.4                            LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This study only covers the use of solar energy as the alternative power supply in cassava grinding enterprise for the rural communities. This PV- power source only replaces the old fuel operated cassava grinding machine.

1.5                               PROBLEM OF THE PROJECT
Using solar energy as an alternative power supply does not ensure 100% efficiency, there are still some challenges facing the operation of the device such as:

• Initially you need to shell out a lot of money for buying a solar inverter
• It will work effectively and produce direct current only when the Sunlight is strong.
• The solar panels that are used to attract Sunlight requires lots of space
• The device can work efficiently only if the presence of the Sun is strong. This means the machine can only be used in the day time. The machine goes off in the evening hour as soon as the energy stored in the battery is used up.

1.6                          SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Having an alternative power supply for mini grinding machine will go along way improving the standard of living of the cassava grinding business people on rural area. The importance attached to this work is to facilitate the production of voluminous garri or cassava flour without much time and without recounting much grinding of the cassava in shortest possible time.

CHAPTER TWO: The complete chapter two of “evaluation of alternative power supply for mini-business (cassava grinding enterprise) for rural communities” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of “evaluation of alternative power supply for mini-business (cassava grinding enterprise) for rural communities” consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on “evaluation of alternative power supply for mini-business (cassava grinding enterprise) for rural communities” was reviewed.

CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of “evaluation of alternative power supply for mini-business (cassava grinding enterprise) for rural communities” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of “evaluation of alternative power supply for mini-business (cassava grinding enterprise) for rural communities” consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.

CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of “evaluation of alternative power supply for mini-business (cassava grinding enterprise) for rural communities” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of “evaluation of alternative power supply for mini-business (cassava grinding enterprise) for rural communities” consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work

CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of design and construction of a “evaluation of alternative power supply for mini-business (cassava grinding enterprise) for rural communities” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of “evaluation of alternative power supply for mini-business (cassava grinding enterprise) for rural communities” consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.

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