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CHAPRER ONE

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Environmental degradation and the depletion of natural resources induced by human activitieshave attracted steadily growing concerns in the last decades. Such concerns made evident thenecessityfortheplanningauthoritiestocountonsoundinformationaboutthepossibleenvironmental consequences of development actions. One of the tools available to satisfy thisneedisrepresentedbytheprocedureofEnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA).Thisprocedureinvolvesthesystematici dentificationandevaluationoftheimpactsontheenvironmentcaused byaproposed project.
The1972StockholmConferenceonHumanEnvironmentsingledoutunderdevelopment,industrialization and technological development as the causes of environmental problems in theworld. The conference called for the safeguard and improvement of the environment duringdevelopment undertakings and for the reduction of the gap between the rich and the poor. TheWorld Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) reported in 1987 that manydevelopmenttrendsatthattimeimpoverishedpeopleanddegradedtheenvironment.
According to Morrison-Saunders and Arts (2014), EIA is a process for takingaccount of the potentialenvironmentalconsequencesofaproposedactionduringtheplanning,design, decision-makingandimplementation stages of theaction.
TheprocedureofEIAgeneratesareport,theEnvironmentalImpactStatement(EIS)thatsummarizesthefindingsoftheevaluationand discussestheacceptabilityofthepredictedenvironmental impacts. Such a report is submitted to the authorities to support the decision-making related to the approval of the development under consideration. The EIS is made up of anumber of disciplinary studies, each one addressing specifically one category of effects (noise,radiation,etc.), or oneenvironmentalcomponent(air, water, etc.).
Foraproposedprojectoractivity,theEIAprocessconsistsofthepre-decisionstageandthepost decision stage.The pre-decision stage consists of: screening todetermine whether theproject requiresfull EIA or not; scoping to prepare the terms of reference of the EIA; impactprediction andanalysistoestablishthepotentialnegativeandpositiveenvironmentalimpactsofthe proposed project and to propose mitigation measures and; review for decisionmaking. The post decision stage known as follow-up is broadly defined as the collection ofactivities undertaken after approval of a project has been given following EIA review. Thepurpose for undertaking these activities is to monitor, evaluate, manage and communicate theenvironmentaloutcomesthatoccurinordertoensurethatprojectsaremeetingintendedgoalsandobjectivesand,moreimportantly,to provideforfeedbackandlearningforimprovingenvironmental management practices (Arts et al. 2011). Follow-up involves monitoring andevaluationofprojectactivities'outputsduringtheimplementation,operationanddecommissioningoftheprojectagainsta prioriselectedenvironmentalperformanceindicatorstoestablishtheaccuracyofimpact prediction made during theimpact analysisstage. The monitoring and evaluation results are used to check compliance with regulations inforce,theeffectivenessofthemitigationmeasuresandinformenvironmentalmanagementactions.
AccordingtoHarmer(2015),effectiveEIAshouldreducetheenvironmentalimpactsofdevelopmentsifitsrecommendationsare implementediscompletelyandadequately.ImplementationoftheserecommendationscanensurethattheexpectedbenefitsofEIA forecastduring the pre-decision stages of the process are achieved during project implementation andmanagement. Furthermore, it enables the lessons, learned from experience to improve futurepractice of EIA. Without the implementations of the recommendations, EIA may be little morethanapaperbasedexercisetoobtain project approval.(Morrison-Saundersetal, 2011).

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
The core purpose of EIA is to integrate environmental considerations early in the decision-making process in order to identify and mitigate potential negative impacts of proposed actions.This is necessary to ensure that appropriate mitigation measures are incorporated during theplanningphases of projects, activities and operations.
In spite its use in both developed and developing countries, the EIA processes have documentedweaknesses that hamperits effectiveuse. Thishas compromised its effective integration ofsocial,economicandecologicalconsiderationsintosustainabledevelopment.SomeofthegenerallydocumentedEIAweaknesses include:lackofmeaningfulpartnershipwiththeconcerned public, poor quality and incomplete Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) oftenoverpopulatedwithinformationandinadequateimplementationoftheproposedmitigationmeasuresamongothers (Rafique, 2015).
Nigeria is a good example of a developing country with a highly ambitious EIA legislation inplace taking into account environmental, social, cultural as well as economic impacts of plannedprojects.Yet, the country faces many environmental and social problems resulting from sucheconomic activities.
Therateofenvironmentaldegradationofthecountryhoweverisalarmingduetosucheconomicactivities.Thedegradationpressuresthe livelihoodsofamajorpartofNigerianspopulation, which depends on environmental natural recourses for survival.   Furthermore,it   isamajorthreattoNigerian’sfuturegrowthpotentialandthusthecountry’spotentialforpovertyreduction.Therefore,despitethe presenceofanambitiousEIAsystem,negativeenvironmentalandsocialimpactsofprojectsactivitiesremainmajorchallengesto achievesustainabledevelopmentin this country.
In Nigeria, the areaof project EIA implementation and follow up needs improvement.Accordingto Muhhamad(2013),thereisneedfortheNigerian public,leadagenciesandNEMAtoensurefullimplementationofEIAandISO14000asoneofthemeasuresofmanagingthenegative environmentalimpacts of urbanization. Otherwise EIA will remain merely an instrument ofapproval of projects.Whether EIA mechanisms have worked or is working for Nigeria is aquestionthat deservesananswer.
Lagos State Ministry Works and Services is the state government ministry, charged with the responsibility to plan, devise and implement the state policies on Works and Infrastructural developments.
The problem of the study was therefore to investigate the factors affecting how construction project recommendations from an environmental impact assessment are applied by Lagos State Ministry Works and Services.
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1.4 AIMS OF OBJECTIVES
Thepurposeofthestudywastoanalyzethefactors affecting how construction project recommendations from an environmental impact assessment are applied by Lagos State Ministry Works and Services. The objectives of the study are:

1. To examine the extent to which monitoring and evaluation by lead agencies influences theimplementationofenvironmentalimpactassessmentrecommendationsoncommercialprojects.
2. Toestablishtheextenttowhichpublicparticipationinfluencestheimplementationofenvironmentalimpact assessment recommendationson commercial projects.
3. Toexaminetheextenttowhichbudgetaryallocationinfluencestheimplementationofenvironmentalimpactassessmentre commendationsimplementationoncommercialprojects.

1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY
The scope of this study covers investigating the factors affecting how construction project recommendations from an environmental impact assessment are applied by Lagos State Ministry Works and Services. The theory of environmental impact assessment decision willbe adopted which argues thatif you provide better and more information to the decision makerthen they will make a more rational decision because they will be better informed. Although it iswell known that in reality, decisions about development are not made solely or in some caseseven at all on a rational basis. Thestudy also covereda random sample from licensed projects withinthe saidgeographicalareaonlyprojects that fall under commercial categorization were selected forthestudy.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
It is anticipated that the findings of this study will incite project proponents, planners, designers,managers,theregulatingauthority,membersofthepublicandleadagenciestore-lookatcommercial projects implementation of EIA recommendations with a view to improving EMPdesign and mechanisms of its implementation for better environmental performance. A properEIAimplementationensuresadherencetoproponentcommitments,licenseconditions,implementationofplannedmitigation measuresandappropriatemanagementactiononunpredictednegative impactscoming tolightinthe course of projectimplementation.Thegeneral public will as a consequence of positive action taken by the foregoing groups benefitfromtheresultant improved publichealth and safetysituation.
1.7 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
This section presents the definition of the key terms used in the study. The terms are definedwithinthe context of theresearch study.
Environmental impact assessment (EIA): is an environmental management tool comprising ofthe components of; projects screening, scoping, impacts prediction and analysis, formulation ofmitigation measures through public participation, environmental management plan formulation,decisiontaking, implementation and follow-up.
EIA implementationand follow up: consists of project activities undertaken after approval ofEIA to ensure implementation of approval conditions, check the accuracy of impact prediction,measure the effectiveness of mitigation measures, monitor environmental performance of theprojectand disseminatemanagement decisions tostakeholders.
Lead agency: means any Government ministry, department, parastatal, state corporation or localauthority, in which any law vests functions of control or management of any element of theenvironmentor natural resource;
Monitoringandevaluation:referstothecollectionofdatathroughaseriesofrepetitivemeasurements of environmental parameters (or more generally to a process of systematic) andassessment oftheirimpact.
EnvironmentMonitoring:Isthecontinuousassessmentanddeterminationoftheactualpotential effects of anyactivityon theenvironment
Project:definesanactionor activitythat leadsto projectswith animpact onthe environment.
Environment: The complex of physical, chemical, and biotic factors (such as climate, soil, andlivingthings)thatactuponindividualorganismsandcommunities,includinghumans,andultimately determine their form and survival. It is also the aggregate of social and culturalconditions that influence the life of an individual or community. The environment includesnatural resources and ecosystem services that comprise essential life supporting functions forhumans,includingcleanwater,food,materialsforshelter,and livelihoodgeneration.
Impact:Any effect caused by a proposed activity on the environment, including effects onhumanhealthandsafety,flora,fauna,soil,air,water,climate,landscapeandhistoricalmonuments, or other physical structures, or the interaction among those factors. It also includeseffectsonculturalheritageorsocioeconomicconditionsresulting fromalterationstothosefactors.

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