GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF SULPHUR HEXAFLUORIDE (SF6) EMISSIONS ON CLIMATE
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This work provides information concerning possible global environmental implications a n d personnel safety aspects that should be considered during the commercial uses of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is an anthropogenically produced compound, mainly used as a gaseous dielectric in gas insulated switchgear power installations. It is a potent greenhouse gas wit h a high global warming potential, and its concentration in the earth atmosphere is rapidly increasing. During its working cycle, SF 6 decomposes under electrical stress, forming toxic byproducts that are a health threat for working personnel in the event of exposure. Several precautions are recommended to avoid personnel exposure to toxic byproducts: oxyfluoride levels or other byproduct concentrations in t he operating gas matrix should be traced to predetermine t he overall gas toxicity; contaminants should be systematically considered during maintenance, chamber evacuation and system opening process; small SF6 quantities leaking in to air or stagnated pollutant concentrations in t he operating field should be analyzed and compared to the threshold limit values an d permissible exposure levels. New system design rules (i.e., hermetically sealed gas compartments, gas recycling or disposal in the field area) an d different handling policies—both during maintenance and final disposal—now should be considered globally to pro- vide for environmental and personnel safety.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
- AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
- SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
- RESEARCH QUESTIONS
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- PROJECT ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 OVERVIEW OF SULFUR HEXAFLUORIDE (SF6)
2.2 THE HISTORY OF SULPHUR HEXAFLUORIDE
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 SF6: APPLICATIONS AND RISKS
3.2 GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL FOR SF 6
3.3 TOXIC BYPRODUCTS OF SF6 IN THE WORKING ENVIRONMENT
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 REMEDIATION - REQUIREMENTS FOR AN ALTERNATIVE TO REPLACE SF6
4.2
ALTERNATIVES TO SF6 IN RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
4.3 REMANUFACTURING AND REMEDIATION OF SF6 EMISSIONS
4.3 SUCCESSFUL REMEDIATION
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSIONS
- RECOMMENDATION
5.3 REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is an anthropogenically produced compound, mainly used as a gaseous dielectric in gas insulated switchgear power installations. It is a potent greenhouse gas with a high global warming potential, and its concentration in the earth atmosphere is rapidly increasing. During its working cycle, SF6 decomposes under electrical stress, forming toxic byproducts that are a health threat for working personnel in the event of exposure. Several precautions are recommended to avoid personnel exposure to toxic byproducts: oxyfluoride levels or other byproduct concentrations in the operating gas matrix should be traced to predetermine the overall gas toxicity; contaminants should be systematically considered during maintenance, chamber evacuation and system opening process; small SF6 quantities leaking into air or stagnated pollutant concentrations in the operating field should be analyzed and compared to the threshold limit values and permissible exposure levels. New system design rules (i.e., hermetically sealed gas compartments, gas recycling or disposal in the field area) and different handling policies--both during maintenance and final disposal--now should be considered globally to provide for environmental and personnel safety.
As scientists and citizens become more concerned with global warming and the impact of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (which recently breached 400 ppm), the companies involved in the distribution of energy will be required to respond. This work focuses on the most powerful greenhouse gas in the world – sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and the climatic impacts it imposes. It has been used in electrical equipment such as gas-circuit breakers since 2006, which are used to quench electrical arcs. Its usage increased due to the favourable properties that the gas possesses; these include high dielectric strength and thermal stability for example. This has created problems due to its global warming potential in relation to the leak rate of the electrical equipment. The UKs wind farm industry heavily invested in the use of SF6 in turbine generators, leading to notable leaked emissions of the gas over the last decade. This has prompted remediation efforts across the UK and in Europe to reduce its usage and to develop alternatives for the near future.
Alternative gases that are currently being developed are CF3I and different fluoronitriles, these contain similar properties to SF6, offering a promising and cleaner future. Remediation and remanufacturing are also a solution to help reduce the consequences of SF6, providing environmental and economic benefits.
This study focuses on the global use of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and it impact it posses in our environment.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) has been one of the most popular material used in the world today because of its versatile application in electrical industries. The popularity and applications do not hinder its effect on the climate thereby affecting human beings on earth which most people are not aware of. This study was carried out to bring to the knowledge of all reader to the global environmental effect of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6).
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main aim of this study is do discuss the global environmental effects of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). The objectives are:
- To understand the environmental impact of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
- To study the remedy to the negative impact of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) on our environment.
- To study the benefit of using sulphur hexafluoride (SF6).
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This work provides information concerning possible global environmental implications and personnel safety aspects that should be considered during the commercial uses of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6).
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
At the end of this work, answer to the following questions shall be made known:
- How does sulfur hexafluoride affect climate?
- How does SF6 contribute to global warming?
- Is SF6 a greenhouse gas?
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study will become useful to all electrical students and readers of this work in that it will expose their knowledge to the uses of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and also help them to understand the negative impact of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) in our environment. To electrical engineers, this study will help them to understand how sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) can be generated from electrical equipment and how they hand handle it in other to be safe.
1.7 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In the course of carrying this study on the global environmental effect of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), numerous sources were used which most of them are by visiting libraries, consulting journal and news papers and online research which Google was the major source that was used.
1.8 PROJECT ORGANISATION
The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study, chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "global environmental effects of sulphur hexafluoride (sf6) emissions on climate" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "global environmental effects of sulphur hexafluoride (sf6) emissions on climate" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "global environmental effects of sulphur hexafluoride (sf6) emissions on climate" was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "global environmental effects of sulphur hexafluoride (sf6) emissions on climate" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "global environmental effects of sulphur hexafluoride (sf6) emissions on climate" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "global environmental effects of sulphur hexafluoride (sf6) emissions on climate" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "global environmental effects of sulphur hexafluoride (sf6) emissions on climate" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of "global environmental effects of sulphur hexafluoride (sf6) emissions on climate" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "global environmental effects of sulphur hexafluoride (sf6) emissions on climate" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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