IDENTIFICATION THE SIBLING SPECIES OF ANOPHELES GAMBIAE S.L, AND DETERMINE THE INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE MECHANISM PRESENT IN THE POPULATION
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This is to certify that the research work, "identification the sibling species of anopheles gambiae s.l, and determine the insecticide resistance mechanism present in the population" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
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- INTRODUCTION
Malariaremainstheworldmostimportantparasiticdiseaseofpublichealthimportance (WHO, 2013). It is the major public health problem in Nigeria contributing aquarter of the malaria burden in Africa (WHO, 2008). The disease is the most importantcause of human morbidity and mortality and with enormous medical, emotional andeconomic impact in the world (Boccolini, et al., 2012; Coetzee, et al., 2000). Nigeria isone of the six countries in the WHO African region with the highest burden of malaria.Nigeria contributes a quarter of malaria burden in Africa (World Malaria Report, 2012).In 2013, malaria killed an estimated 584 000 people with over 2 million cases (WHO,2014). Nigeria is reported to have the unenviable record of contributing about 25% of theworld malariaburden(WHO, 2012).
Anopheles mosquito transmits malaria. The most important vectors of malaria aremembers of Anopheles gambiae s.l. (complex), a group of morphologically identical yetgenetically andbehaviourally distinctspeciesthatdiffermarkedly intheirability totransmitthediseases(Coluzzi,1979).MembersofthespeciescomplexincludeAnopheles gambiae s.s., An. arabiensis, An. merus, An. melas, An. bwambe, and An.quadriannulatus(Coetzee,et al., 2000).
The major control interventions against malaria vectors include Insecticide-treatedmosquitonets (ITNs) andindoorresidual spray(IRS) with insecticides.IRS has helpedto
eliminate malaria from great parts of Asia, Russia, Europe, and Latin America. Long-lastinginsecticidalnets(LLINs)arethepreferredformofITNsforpublichealthdistribution programmes. WHO recommends coverage for all at-risk persons, and themost cost effective way to achieve this is through provision of free LLINs for sleepingeverynight. (Pluess,et al., 2010; WHO, 2013).
However,thesecontroleffortsarethreatenedbyseveralchallengeswhichincludes incorrect identification, biology distribution and insecticide resistance (Awolola,et al., 2002, 2005; Ranson, et al., 2011; Ibrahim, et al., 2014; Okorie, et al., 2015), andlackofsurveillanceresearch interventions (Slutsker, 2012).
To over come these challenges from undermining control programs, correct identification, distribution of Anophelesvector must be understood and insecticide resistance management must reduce the current over reliance on pyrethroids.These compounds are used widely for indoor residual spraying and uniquely for insecticide-treated bed net sasitis the only class of insecticide of thefourmajorclassesofinsecticiderecommendedformalariacontrol byWorld Health Organization.
AmutationatasingletargetsitecanresultinmosquitoresistancetoDDTandpyrethroidsortoorganophosphatesandcarbamates.Furthermore,mosquitoescanexpressmultipleinsecticide-resistancemechanisms(Perera,2008).Forexample,inseveralpopulationsofthemajormalariavectorinAfrica,Anophelesgambiaes.l.mosquitoes, mutations in the DDT/pyrethroid target site, known as knockdown resistance(kdr)alleles,havebeenfoundinconjunctionwithresistanceallelesofthe
acetylcholinesterase gene (Ace-1), the target site of organophosphates and carbamates(Yewhalaw,et al., 2011).
Statementof ProblemInformation on species composition, distribution and susceptibility status of Anopheles toinsecticides are important parameters to assess the effectiveness of malaria vector controlstrategies. Such information is currently unavailable to malaria control programmes inKaltungoand BalangaLocal Government Areaof Gombestate.
- Significanceof theStudy
Theidentificationofmalariavectorspecies,distributionandsusceptibilitystatustoinsecticidesarevitaltoeffectivemalariacontrolstrategies.Ifmeaningfulcontrolstrategies are to be formulated against the malaria vectors in the Sahel, studies to confirmthe predominant sibling species of An. gambiae sensu lato must be carried out (Gadzama,1983).This study therefore, identifies An. gambiae to species level, molecular forms,distribution and resistance mechanism present in the resistant Anopheles population inGombe state. This information will help in formulating appropriate control strategies inKaltungoand BalangaLocal Government AreaofGombestate.
- AimsandObjectivesoftheStudy
The aim of this study is to identify the sibling species of Anopheles gambiae s.l, anddeterminetheinsecticideresistancemechanism present in thepopulation.
Objectives
- ToidentifytheAnophelesmosquitoes collectedusingmorphological keys.
- To identify the sibling species of Anopheles gambiae complex using species-specificPCR assay.
- To identify and determine the distribution of molecular forms of An. gambiae s.s.[An.gambiae(Sform)andAn.coluzii(Mform)]usingRestrictionLengthFragmentPolymorphism (RFLP) technique.
- Todeterminethedistribution ofmolecularformsofAnopheles gambiaes.s.
- To identify the involvement of Knockdown resistant (kdr) point mutation in theresistantpopulation ofAn. gambiaecomplex in thestudyarea.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "identification the sibling species of anopheles gambiae s.l, and determine the insecticide resistance mechanism present in the population" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "identification the sibling species of anopheles gambiae s.l, and determine the insecticide resistance mechanism present in the population" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "identification the sibling species of anopheles gambiae s.l, and determine the insecticide resistance mechanism present in the population" was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "identification the sibling species of anopheles gambiae s.l, and determine the insecticide resistance mechanism present in the population" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "identification the sibling species of anopheles gambiae s.l, and determine the insecticide resistance mechanism present in the population" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "identification the sibling species of anopheles gambiae s.l, and determine the insecticide resistance mechanism present in the population" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "identification the sibling species of anopheles gambiae s.l, and determine the insecticide resistance mechanism present in the population" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of "identification the sibling species of anopheles gambiae s.l, and determine the insecticide resistance mechanism present in the population" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "identification the sibling species of anopheles gambiae s.l, and determine the insecticide resistance mechanism present in the population" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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