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INSTALLATION OF RENEWABLE POWER SYSTEM USING SOLAR SYSTEM PANELS

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TITLE PAGE

 

BY

---
--/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---



APPROVAL PAGE

This is to certify that the research work, "installation of renewable power system using solar system panels" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.

By
---                                                     . ---
Supervisor                                                  Head of Department.
Signature……………….                           Signature……………….        

……………………………….
---
External Invigilator



DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.



ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.


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ABSTRACT

Sunlight is a form of radiant energy that travels to the earth as electromagnetic waves. In reality, the light we see is just a small part of the energy we receive from the Sun. The radiant energy from the Sun covers the full breadth of the electromagnetic spectrum. Using solar technology, we are able to "capture" the Sun's radiant energy and convert it to either heat or electricity. This sun is captured using solar panel, which is a set of solar photovoltaic (PV) modules electrically connected and mounted on a supporting structure. A PV module is a packaged, connected assembly of solar cells. Solar panels can be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply electricity in commercial and residential applications. Each module is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions (STC). This work describes the procedure of solar panel installation.

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

    • BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
    • PROBLEM STATEMENT
    • AIM  OF THE PROJECT
    • OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
    • SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
    • ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR POWER
    • APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR ENERGY
    • LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
    • ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SOLAR PANELS

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1      OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY
2.2      OVERVIEW OF SOLAR ENERGY
2.3      MAXIMIUM ANGLE OF INCLINATION
2.4      SOLAR PANEL
2.5      HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SOLAR PANEL
2.6      REVIEW OF DIFFERENT PHOTOVOLTAIC MOUNTING SYSTEM

CHAPTER THREE

3.0      METHODOLOGY
3.1      REQUIRED TOOLS

3.2      SOLAR SYSTEM COMPONENTS
3.3      SOLAR PANEL INSTALLATION PROCESS
3.5      INSTALLATION CALCULATION

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1      TESTING OF SOLAR PANELS
4.2      SOLAR PANEL MAINTENANCE

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0      CONCLUSION AND RCOMMENDATION

    • CONCLUSION
    • RECOMMENDATION

5.3     REFERENCES

 

CHAPTER ONE

  • INTRODUCTION

1.1                                          BACKGOUND OF THE PROJECT
Solar panels are getting a lot of attention as part of the solution to our energy crisis. Solar energy, also called photovoltaic energy, is undergoing rapid changes. Solar cells are very thin, about 1/100th of an inch thick and usually 3 to 4 inches square. These cells convert sunlight to energy by the photovoltaic effect (we will discuss this effect in detail in a later article). These cells do not require fuel and have a standard lifetime of 20-30 years.
Photovoltaic (PV) cells are assembled together to create a solar module. The module is what you are used to seeing as a panel. It has anywhere from 2 to 200 cells assembled together, encased in tempered glass and aluminum to make them weather resistant.
Like batteries, cells can be combined in series or in parallel to create larger and more specific voltages and amperages. For instance, four 1-volt/1-amp cells in series will combine for 4 volts, but the amperage will stay at 1 amp. By contrast, four 1-volt/1-amp cells in parallel will maintain 1 volt but have 4 amps of output. You can multiply the amperage by the wattage (in the example above 4 x 1) to get the watts generated. A watt is a measure of energy (think of a 40-watt light bulb).
Modules can be made in a many sizes and shapes to fit their application. Panels come in standard rectangular, triangular, foldable, and even thin-film rolls. This means they can be used in a wide variety of applications, from boats and rv's to electric cars and space stations.
Modules are combined to create solar arrays. An array is a group of modules assembled together and designed to meet a certain electrical load. You've probably seen most arrays mounted on the rooftops of homes. These arrays are designed to generate a certain amount of electricity over the course of a year.
Generally solar modules convert about 10-15% of the energy that strikes them into electricity. This means that for every 100 units of energy that actually hit the panel, only 15 of them actually enter the home as electricity. This is the biggest area of research now, as scientists recognize that significant advancements in solar efficiency will lead to cheaper solar energy.
Panels generate direct current (DC) electricity. Think of a garden hose that is simply turned on produces water in a steady stream. Most household electronics and the electrical power grid are designed to take alternating current (AC) power. Now imagine that the water of coming out of the garden hose is being turned off and on so quickly that it has a "pulse". This is done because AC power travels over long distances much more efficiently.
This means however, that the electricity coming out of the solar array must be converted to AC if it is going into your home. This is done with an inverter, which takes the DC power and makes AC power. The power is then ready to service your home, an electrical grid, or a device. Some devices (certain lights, batteries, special devices) use DC power and therefore do not need an inverter.

1.2                                                  PROBLEM STATEMENT
Before now there is a believe that solar panel must be install by a professional or company personnel, and this sometimes exposes the user of solar energy to higher cost of installation because of the fear of not getting it right and inability to meet some electrical standards involved. It is for this reason that there is also often a lot of improvisation involved when installing a solar power system. The study was introduced to overcome these challenges by teaching and describing to students how solar panel installation is been carried out from scratch.

1.3                                                   AIM OF THE PROJECT
The main aim of this project is to describe the procedures on how to install a solar inverter.

1.4                                            OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
At the end of this work, the student involved shall be able to:

  • understand how solar energy works
  • understand to install solar panel and inverter
  • Understand safety issues that must be understood before you consider installing solar panels or PV system components onto your home.

1.5                                           SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Currently solar panels are used to provide hot water (solar thermal) and heating to homes and small ensembles. You tried to build solar power plants, using turbines, convert the stored heat into electricity, but these experiments have failed substantially to the low yield of these power relationships with high operating costs and the interruption of electricity supply (but see As for the panels that the concentration of last generation). The photovoltaic panels are used mainly to power devices away from electrical networks (space probes, the phone repeaters in the mountains, etc.) or with reduced energy requirements so that a connection to the grid would be uneconomical (light road signs, parking meters, etc.) and improper from an organizational perspective. Obviously, these devices must be equipped with batteries that can accumulate the electricity produced in excess during the day to power the equipment at night and during cloudy periods. 
With current technology photovoltaic panels are also sensitive to infrared radiation (invisible) of solar radiation and therefore produce power even in case of cloudy weather and rain. The amount of energy delivered is variable and unpredictable, this discontinuity makes it difficult to meet demand at all times current, less than a production with a wide safety margin above the peak annual demand.  
1.6                                        ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR POWER


The energy and heat from the sun is free and unlimited.

Solar power is non-polluting. Solar power usage does not emit any greenhouse gases or harmful waste.

Solar power is perfect and saving for power generation in remote areas or where the cost of expansion utility grid is high.

Solar power is versatile. It can be used for low-power purpose as well as larger ones - from hand-held calculators, watches, and solar powered garden lights to water heaters, cars, buildings and satellites.

Solar power system requires very little maintenance and last for many years.

1.7                                       APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR ENERGY


Daylighting
The oldest solar application is day-lighting. Day-lighting system collects and distributes sunlight to provide effective internal illumination inside buildings. Day-lighting design implies careful selection of window types, sizes and orientation may be considered as well. There are also other architectural features such as light shelves and even active sun tracking system which combine with fiber optics or mirrors to provide light to interior of large buildings.

  • Solar Thermal

Solar thermal technologies can be used for water heating in homes or commercial and space heating or space cooling for buildings. Solar water heating systems use different type of collectors to gather and store the solar energy for heating water used in residential, commercial and industrial applications. For space heating and cooling in warm temperature region, the thermal mass materials is needed to keep building cool by absorbing solar energy during a day and radiate stored heat to cooler atmosphere at night. However they can be used in cold temperature areas to maintain warmth as well.

  • Solar Electric Power Generation

Solar energy can be directly converted to electricity by photovoltaic cells. Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems provide electricity to home or business for lighting, TV, fan, computer, stereo, refrigerator, water pump or livestock feeders, without connection to utility grid. They are also used to power watches, calculators and sign lights.

1.8                                           LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
The estimated lifetime of the solar panels is about 30 years. The main defects of these systems are the cost of the panels and the storage of energy.
The second obvious problem with this kind of system is that energy is produced only during daylight hours and is not suitable for any situation, being a form of energy electricity hardly accumulate in large quantities.
During the installation, is not always easy to track or position the panel to the right place that will attract sun rays.

1.9                 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SOLAR PANELS
Advantages
Solar panels are clean - while generating electricity from sunlight, solar panels produce virtually no pollution, whereas burning fossil fuels releases large quantities of toxic gases into the atmosphere.
For the consumer, solar panels can free the individual from reliance on the power grid and the monopolistic energy supplier. Once you make the initial investment in hardware, you will have free electricity for years to come.
Fossil Fuels are limited - Although fossil fuel reserves are expected to run dry within the next century, solar power is clean, abundant, and will remain a renewable resource that can meet all of Earth's energy needs for billions of years to come.
Disadvantages solar panels

Admittedly, while solar power is certainly much cleaner than the burning of fossil fuels, and moderately cleaner than the production of nuclear power, solar panels installation are very pricey and in many years demand for solar panels exceeds supply. When we ask ourselves - why are solar panels necessary, we must consider the costs of production as well as the costs of using much more harmful means of producing electricity. Solar Panels also require more square yardage per kilowatt for the power-generating facility than fossil fuel power plants or nuclear power.

 


CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "installation of renewable power system using solar system panels" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "installation of renewable power system using solar system panels" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "installation of renewable power system using solar system panels" was reviewed.

CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "installation of renewable power system using solar system panels" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "installation of renewable power system using solar system panels" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.

CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "installation of renewable power system using solar system panels" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "installation of renewable power system using solar system panels" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work

CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of "installation of renewable power system using solar system panels" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "installation of renewable power system using solar system panels" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.

 

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