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TITLE PAGE
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
BY
---
--/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---
DECEMBER,2018
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work, " integrated circuit" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
By
--- . ---
Supervisor Head of Department.
Signature………………. Signature……………….
……………………………….
---
External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
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This work is on an integrated circuit which is described as a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece of semiconductor material that is normally silicon. The integration of large numbers of tiny MOS transistors into a small chip results in circuits that are orders of magnitude smaller, faster, and less expensive than those constructed of discrete electronic components. The IC’s also found its way in military applications, state of the art communication systems, and industrial applications due to its high reliability and compact size. Nowadays, an IC that has the size of a fingernail consists of more than a million transistors and other discrete components embedded into it. Thus an integrated circuit can also be called a microchip and is basically a collection of some discrete circuits on a small chip that is made of a semiconductor material like silicon. The aim of this work is to carry out a research on integrated circuits.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- AIM OF THE PROJECT
- ADVANTAGES OF ICS
- DISADVANTAGES OF ICS
- APPLICATION OF THE INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
- PURPOSE OF USING ICS
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- HISTORY OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
- LIMITATIONS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
- DIFFERENT TYPES OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
- TYPES OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS BASED ON CLASSES
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
- ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE IC CIRCUIT -555 TIMER
- 555 TIMER BLOCK DIAGRAM
- FEATURES OF THE 555 TIMER
- PIN CONFIGURATION OF THE 555 TIMER
- 555 TIMER PIN DESCRIPTION
CHAPTER FOUR
- IC PACKAGES
- IC PIN NUMBERING
- MOUNTING STYLE
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Integrated circuit or IC or microchip or chip is a microscopic electronic circuit array formed by the fabrication of various electrical and electronic components (resistors, capacitors, transistors, and so on) on a semiconductor material (silicon) wafer, which can perform operations similar to the large discrete electronic circuits made of discrete electronic components.
As all these arrays of components, microscopic circuits and semiconductor wafer material base are integrated together to form a single chip, hence, it is called an integrated circuit or integrated chip or microchip.
Electronic circuits are developed using individual or discrete electronic components with different sizes, such that the cost and size of these discrete circuits increase with the number of components used in the circuit. To conquer this negative aspect, the integrated circuit technology was developed – Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments developed the first IC or integrated circuit in the 1950s, and thereafter, Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor solved some practical problems of this integrated circuit.
Integrated Circuit are the tiny electronic circuits used to perform a specific electronic function, such as amplification, mathematic operations, switching, mixing signals, computer memory, timer, counter etc. It is usually combined with other components to form a more complex system. It is formed as a single unit by diffusing impurities into single- crystal silicon, which then serves as a semiconductor material. The aim of this work is to carry out a research on an integrated circuit.
1.2 AIM OF THE STUDY
The main aim of this work is to carry out a research on an integrated circuit which is known as small chip that can function as an amplifier, oscillator, timer, microprocessor, or even computer memory. An IC is a small wafer, usually made of silicon, that can hold anywhere from hundreds to millions of transistors, resistors, and capacitors.
- ADVANTAGES OF IC
- Compact size − For a given functionality, you can obtain a circuit of smaller size using ICs, compared to that built using a discrete circuit.
- Lesser weight − A circuit built with ICs weighs lesser when compared to the weight of a discrete circuit that is used for implementing the same function of IC. using ICs, compared to that built using a discrete circuit.
- Low power consumption − ICs consume lower power than a traditional circuit, because of their smaller size and construction.
- Reduced cost − ICs are available at much reduced cost than discrete circuits because of their fabrication technologies and usage of lesser material than discrete circuits.
- Increased reliability − Since they employ lesser connections, ICs offer increased reliability compared to digital circuits.
- Improved operating speeds − ICs operate at improved speeds because of their switching speeds and lesser power consumption.
- Coils or indicators cannot be fabricated.
- It can be handle only limited amount of power.
- High grade P-N-P assembly is not possible.
- It is difficult to be achieved low temperature coefficient.
- The power dissipation is limited to 10 watts.
- Low noise and high voltage operation are not easily obtained.
- Inductors and transformers are needed connecting to exterior to the semiconductor chip as it is not possible to fabricate inductor and transformers on the semiconductor chip surface.
- Inductors cannot be fabricated directly.
- Low noise and high voltage operation are not easily obtained.
Many integrated circuits can be found in almost every electronic device. They function as timers, amplifiers, logic units, counters, calculators, temperature sensors, and radio receivers. Integrated circuits are used in almost all electronic equipment in use today and have revolutionized the world of electronics.
1.6 PURPOSE OF USING INTEGRATED CIRCUIT An Integrated Circuit has become the integral part of almost every electronic today because of its compatibility. It makes circuit portable and simple to build and troubleshoot.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of " integrated circuit" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of " integrated circuit" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on " integrated circuit" was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of " integrated circuit" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of " integrated circuit" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of " integrated circuit" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of " integrated circuit" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of " integrated circuit" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of " integrated circuit" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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