INVESTIGATION INTO THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PROCESSING CONDITIONS ON THE COLIFORM LOADING INDEX OF TWO SAMPLED PACKAGED TABLE WATER WITHIN NNEOCHI METROPOLIS
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Today, packed table water is used in many countries of the world due to its relatively low cost, better taste, ease of access and low levels of impurities. In unfavorable conditions, the maintenance of microorganisms due to hydrophobicity and adherence to bottles and as a result of increased lipolytic activity can lead to undesirable changes in color, taste and odor, and in cases of more severe load, microbial contamination may cause unhealthy water and flooding. In this study, the presence or absence of coliform in a number of bottled water brands was examined.
The microbial quality of two markers of packaged water present in Nneochi Metropolis was randomly selected from each mark and two samples was examined. The samples were analyzed using the coliform - presence/absence (P-A) test. The results were compared with national standards and the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24 and EXCEL.
Samples showed no microbial contamination Also, coliform and fecal coliforms were not observed in any of the samples. Finally, it was revealed that all cases were in accordance with national standards and WHO guidelines.
Increasing the health indexes of places, food supply and distribution centers, and maintaining health conditions and measures that have been considered especially in the recent years on the health of packaged water, have greatly reduced the problems.
Keywords: Taste, Drinking water, Bacteria, World Health Organization, packaged water
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Today, packaged water is used in many countries of the world due to its relatively lower cost, better taste, ease of access and low levels of impurities. It is also used in areas where drinking water is not available in a good quality and water purification facilities are not available. The use of packaged water in different parts of the world is evident as a result of people’s demand for safe and healthy water (Miranzadeh et al., 2011). Given that raw water resources are increasingly used to meet the needs of industries, agriculture and growing populations, the shortage of available and safe drinking water has become a problem in many parts of the world. As a result of major water and food crises, there will be a great concern about the health and quality of drinking water (Khadadadi et al., 2016). In developing countries, the most important cause of the use of packaged water is the prevention of contamination with diseases caused by contaminated water (Dehghani et al., 2013). Preserving the safety and quality of drinking water is always a major public health problem. Water- borne diseases are one of the most important health problems in developing countries (Hammuel et al., 2014). In unsuitable storage conditions, microorganisms can be hydrophobic and bind to bottles and, as a result of increased lipolytic activity, can lead to undesirable changes in color, taste , and odor, and in cases of more severe microbial contamination, it may cause unhealthy water and even an outbreak of microbial infections (Zamberlan et al., 2006). The probability of contamination of packaged waters in different stages of the production process, including the provision of raw materials, maintenance and distribution (Miranzadeh et al., 2011). Water contamination in the source is caused during bottling or under unsuitable storage conditions. Therefore, compliance with the sanitary regulations during packaging and receiving bottled water, the care and cleaning of the equipment and the proper maintenance of the packaging components is of great importance (Nunes et al., 2008). According to WHO, drinking water sources are categorized into two groups: protected and unprotected. The packaged water is categorized in the second group (WHO, 2007). In cases of crisis and shortage of drinking water supplies, the trade of packaged water increases in many countries. On the other hand, the inability of private and public networks to ensure the safety and microbial conditions of water has led to many cases in many countries, and people use bottled water for their convenience and safety. According to the report of WHO, in some parts of the world, water bottles need more control because they are stored at higher temperatures and for longer periods than water distribution networks (Amini et al., 2011). According to the standards by WHO for bottled water, in drinking water consumed by human beings, the total number of coliforms and fecal coliforms in 100 mL of the sample should be zero (WHO, 2011). According to the statistics, the world’s average packaged water consumption has increased by an average of 7% per year. The high proportion of packaged water has resulted in the production of this product at smaller scale by producers with few facilities, regardless of sanitary methods, packaging water that cannot guarantee the safety and health of this product (Oyedeji et al., 2010). Although currently, the main consumers of this type of water are European countries, the trend of increasing consumption in Asia and the Pacific is faster. This increase is reported to be about 15% (Loloein et al., 2011). Several sources have shown that bottled water is not sterile and may contain various pathogens such as coliform (Bartram et al., 2002). Escherichia coli is used as an indicator of fecal contamination of water. Because they are commonly found in human and animal stools (Oyedeji et al., 2010). The bacteria of the coliform group are from the Enterobacteriaceae family of different genes and species. The shape of these bacteria is a rod that can ferment lactose at 35°C for 48 hours and produce acid and gas (Oyedeji et al., 2010). Although intestinal bacteria are not harmful to humans, but their presence is an indication of the presence of pathogenic bacteria, viruses and protozoa (Kara et al., 2004). Bottled drinking water is considered as a food and is subject to food standards. The aim of this study was to determine the overall presence of the coliform in packaged drinking water supplied in Nneochi Metropolis, as well as provide information on the safety of packaged drinking water available in the market and to determine the microbiological quality of two brands of packaged drinking water in Nneochi Metropolis.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Waterborne parasitic diseases form one of common and important public health and economic problems in low- and middle-income countries, though little is known on the burden and patterns of these diseases in most regions. In addition to public health impact, waterborne diseases can have a significant impact on the economy of endemic countries and globally. While there are global concerns regarding waterborne diseases, especially in resource poor countries such as those of Africa, information on the burden and distribution of these diseases is limited. In Nigeria, the most public consumed water is packaged table water, and what makes a packaged water pure is the treating and packaging process involved, according to Annan (2010). It was discovered that waterborne diseases associated with packaged table water mostly come as a result processing condition of the water from the producer. This work is required to guide control efforts to safeguard public health and improve wellbeing.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
This study was therefore designed to evaluate the coliform contamination of some water sources in Nigerian communities using Nneochi Metropolis as a case study. The objectives are:
- To present systematic scoping review summarizes prevalence and patterns of waterborne parasitic diseases in Africa and global efforts to control the diseases.
- To detect the coliform loading index of two sampled packaged table water in Nneochi Metropolis.
- To examine the presence or absence of coliform in a number of packaged water brands.
- To ensure that packaged water is safe for consumption.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study will make the reader to understand the parasitic infections effect on work and productivity as they are usually associated with a diminished capacity to carry out physical work. This is of great significance because in many countries, hard physical work is the means by which families grow their food.
This study will also throw light on the parasitic and fecal contamination occurred and how they are been contacted.
The study will also expose the reader on the need for continuous research on water quality and sanitation.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study discusses on how quality water should be free from caliform contamination and must be acceptable in terms of colour, taste and odour in accordance with the World Health Organisation guidelines on the quality of drinking water (WHO, 2016).
Water-borne diseases are usually acquired by the consumption of polluted water containing human and animal faecal matter from patients or healthy carriers (Cairncross, 2013).
1.5 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The purpose of the proposed study is to ensure that the residence of Nneochi metropolis consumes packaged table water that is safe and free of coliform contamination.
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
There are numerous packaged water contaminants but this study is focused on the coliform loading in packaged table water sold within Nneochi metropolis.
1.7 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
At the end of this work, student involved shall be able to give answers to the following questions:
- What is coliform loading index?
- What is water contamination?
- What type of bacteria is commonly found in packaged table water?
- What causes water contamination?
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Coliforms: are bacteria that are always present in the digestive tracts of animals, including humans, and are found in their wastes.
Packaged drinking water: is water from any source that has been treated and purified and then put in packages such as plastic bottles, sachets or pouches for consumption.
coliform index: is a rating of the purity of water based on a count of fecal bacteria.
1.9 PROJECT ORGANISATION
The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study, chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "investigation into the effect of different processing conditions on the coliform loading index of two sampled packaged table water within nneochi metropolis" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "investigation into the effect of different processing conditions on the coliform loading index of two sampled packaged table water within nneochi metropolis" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "investigation into the effect of different processing conditions on the coliform loading index of two sampled packaged table water within nneochi metropolis" was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "investigation into the effect of different processing conditions on the coliform loading index of two sampled packaged table water within nneochi metropolis" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "investigation into the effect of different processing conditions on the coliform loading index of two sampled packaged table water within nneochi metropolis" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "investigation into the effect of different processing conditions on the coliform loading index of two sampled packaged table water within nneochi metropolis" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "investigation into the effect of different processing conditions on the coliform loading index of two sampled packaged table water within nneochi metropolis" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of "investigation into the effect of different processing conditions on the coliform loading index of two sampled packaged table water within nneochi metropolis" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "investigation into the effect of different processing conditions on the coliform loading index of two sampled packaged table water within nneochi metropolis" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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