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--/H2013/01430
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SCHOOL OF ---
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APPROVAL PAGE

This is to certify that the research work,"isolation and identification of bacteria associated with handsets (cell phones)"by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.

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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
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This study was conducted to determine microbial contamination of mobile phones in Bells University of Technology (BUT), and identify the most important microbial species associated with these phones in order to take the necessary remedial measures.
The analysis of a total of 202 samples was done to identify fungal and pathogenic bacteria isolates. Sterile swabs were firmly passed on the handset, the buttons and the screens of mobile phones, then inoculated into media of bacteria and fungi. Frequency distribution of isolates were calculated.
There were 737 isolated of the following bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Neisseria sicca, Micrococcus luteus, Proteus mirabilis, Bacillus subtilis, and Enterobacter aerogenes at the rate of 56.58, 13.57, 8.01, 7.73, 6.51, 3.66, 2.85 and 1.09% respectively. There were fungal isolates as follows: Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium sp., Penicillium spp., Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Rhizopus stolonifer, Aspergillus ochraceus at the rate of 29.07, 26.74, 20.93, 10.47, 6.98, 2.33, 2.33, 1.16%, respectively.
The study showed that all mobile phones under consideration were infected by several microbes, most of which belonged to the natural flora of the human body as well as airborne fungi and soil. This means that it is necessary to sterilize hands after contact with a phone since it is a source of disease transmission. 

TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1      BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

1. PROBLEM STATEMENT
2. AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
3. SCOPE AND LIMITATION
4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
5. HYPOTHESIS
6. APPLICATION OF THE STUDY
7. METHODOLOGY
8. PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

1. REVIEW OF THE STUDY
2. HISTORICAL AND DISCOVERY BACKGROUND OF MICROBES
3. CLASSIFICATION AND STRUCTURE OF MICROORGANISMS
4. ECOLOGY OF MICROORGANISMS
5. APPLICATIONS OF MICROORGANISMS
6. THE IMPACT OF MICROBES ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN ACTIVITIES

CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY

1. INTRODUCTION
2. STUDY OF AREA
3. RESEARCH DESIGN
4. SAMPLING AND ISOLATION METHOD
5. CHARACTERIZATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ISOLATES
6. BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0     RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1. RESULT
2. DISCUSSION

CHAPTER FIVE

1. CONCLUSION
2. RECOMMENDATION

REFERENCES 

CHAPTER ONE
1.0                                        INTRODUCTION
1.1                          BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
A mobile or cellular telephone which is also called handset is a long-rangeportable electronic device for personal telecommunication. The vast majority of mobile phones are hand-held. In less than 20 years, mobile phones have gone from being rare and expensive pieces of equipment used primarily by the business elite, to a common low-cost personal item. In many countries, mobile phones outnumber landline telephones since most adults and many children now own mobile phones.
Because of the achievements and benefits of the mobile phone, it is easy to overlook its hazard to health; this is against the background that many users may have no regard for personal hygiene, and the number of people who may use the same phone. This constant handling of the phone by different users exposes it to an array of microorganisms, and makes it a good carrier for microbes, especially those associated with the skin resulting in the spread of different microorganisms from user to user. Our research has shown that the mobile phone could be a health hazard with tens of thousands of microbes living on each square inch of the phone. Microbiologists say that the combination of constant handling with the heat generated by the phones creates a prime breeding ground for many microorganisms that are normally found on the skin. Staphylococci, particularly S. epidermidis are members of the normal flora of the human skin, respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts (Ekrakene et al, 2017). Nasal carriage of S. aureus occurs in 20-50% of human beings. Staphylococci are also found regularly on clothes, bed linen, and other human environments.[Melnick et al, 2014] Staphylococcus aureus, a common bacterium found on the skin and in the noses of up to 25% of healthy people and animals can cause illnesses from pimples and boils to pneumonia and meningitis, and is a close relative of methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The main reservoir of S. aureus is the hand from where it is introduced into food during preparation (Hui et al, 2011). The hand serves as a major vehicle of transmission of various microbes including the enteric species (Brande et al, 2011)Proteus mirabilis is one of the most common Gram-negative pathogensencountered in clinical specimens. It can cause a variety ofcommunity- or hospital-acquired infections, including thoseof the urinary tract, respiratory tract, wounds and burns, bacteraemia,neonatal meningoencephalitis, empyema and osteomyelitis (Hara et al, 2010). After Escherichia coli, P. mirabilis is the memberof the Enterobacteriaceae most often isolated in Nigerian clinical microbiologylaboratories (Liu et al, 2012) Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a metabolically versatile γ-Proteobacterium, which inhabits terrestrial, aquatic, animal-, human-, and plant-host-associated environments (Ramos, 2012).
Our study aimed at investigating bacterial contamination of the mobile phone to identify the microbes regularly associated with mobile phones and their pathogenicity. Suggestions for the improvement of handling are proposed.
1.2                                          STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Micro-organisms are found everywhere most especially in our constantly used hand device such as - handset. It is true that because of the rampant usage and its functions and advantages in our daily lives we forgot to considers the health implication of handset. According to microbiologist (Liu et al, 2012), handset is the major carrier of thousands of bacteria. The bacteria can spread from person to person by direct contact, through contaminated objects (such as buses seat, gym equipment, telephones, door knobs, television remote controls, or elevator buttons), or, less often, by inhalation of infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing.
Carriers are people who have the bacteria but do not have any symptoms caused by the bacteria. Carriers can move the bacteria from their nose to other body parts with their hands, sometimes leading to infection. People who are hospitalized or work in a hospital are more likely to be carriers.
This study was carried out to investigating bacterial contamination of the mobile phone to identify the microbes regularly associated with mobile phones

1. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main aim of this study is carried out a bacterial contamination investigation of the mobile phone. The objectives of the study is to

1. To identify the microbes regularly associated with mobile phones
2. To determine the microbial load of cell phone.
3. To understand the effect of microorganism in our lives
4. To take the necessary remedial measures.
1. SCOPE AND LIMITATION

This research worked in based on the isolation and identification of bacteria associated with cellphone. This study covers the total bacteria count, isolation and identification of bacteria. However, it is limited to very few samples and bacterial studies only, because of limited resources.
1.5                                                      HYPOTHESIS
HO:     Microbial organisms are not observed on cellphone and are not responsible for many infection among students.
Hg       = Microorganisms are observed on cellphone and they are responsible for many infection among students
1.6                                           SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study will be useful to all users of cellphone by creating awareness of the presence of microorganisms in handsets.  The outcome of this research will guide users on how to avoid contacting micro-organism mostly in phones.
1.7                             APPLICATION OF THE STUDY
This study provides practicalguidancewhich aimedatsupportingallhealthprofessionals,teachers, pupils, and all users of handsets.
1.8                                              RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY
In thecourse of carrying this study, numerous sources were used which most of them are by visiting libraries, consulting journal and news papers and online research which Google was the major source that was used.
1.9                                   PROJECT ORGANISATION
The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work,   chapter two presents the literature review of the study,  chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.

CHAPTER FIVE
5.1                                          CONCLUSION
Since the restriction of the use of mobile phones by health worker is not effective for the prevention of the spread of nosocomial infections it is necessary to develop effective preventive strategies that will include environmental decontamination, hand hygiene, surveillance, and contact isolation for the prevention of these nosocomial infections. Simple cleaning of computers and telephones with 70% isopropyl alcohol may decrease the bacterial load.
Control measures are quite simple and can include engineering modifications, such as the use of hands-free mobile phones, surfaces that are easy to clean and disinfect, hand washing, and the wearing of gloves by the appropriate personnel. In general, resident infection control staff of the medical facility can advise on the routine control practices for medical devices. Observance of these simple control procedures can decrease morbidity and mortality and thereby reduce medical care costs for hospitals and other care providers.
5.2     RECOMMENDATION
Today, mobile phones are important equipment for physicians and other health workers. Since restrictions on the use of mobile phones by health personnel is not a practical solution, many researchers suggest that adherence to such infection control precautions as hand hygiene should be strict. In addition, people should be informed that these devices may be a source for transmission of hospital-acquired infections to and from the community. Further studies for the possible means of decontamination of mobile phones, such as the use of alcohol and/or disinfection tissues, should be found and employed in hospitals that have large bed capacities and Intensive Care Units. The hospital environment plays a critical role in the transmission of organisms associated with nosocomial infections. Micro-organisms can be transferred from person to person or from inanimate objects (such as stethoscopes, bronchoscopes, pagers, ballpoint pens, hospital charts, computer keyboards, mobile phones and fixed telephones) to hands and vice versa.

 

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CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "isolation and identification of bacteria associated with handsets (cell phones)" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "isolation and identification of bacteria associated with handsets (cell phones)" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "isolation and identification of bacteria associated with handsets (cell phones)" was reviewed.

CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "isolation and identification of bacteria associated with handsets (cell phones)" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "isolation and identification of bacteria associated with handsets (cell phones)" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.

CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "isolation and identification of bacteria associated with handsets (cell phones)" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "isolation and identification of bacteria associated with handsets (cell phones)" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work

CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of "isolation and identification of bacteria associated with handsets (cell phones)" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "isolation and identification of bacteria associated with handsets (cell phones)" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.

 

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