LIGHTNING PROTECTION FOR DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS
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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Lightning is unpredictable and it is the most destructive of all elements associated with thunderstorms. It causes damage to many objects and systems such as electronic circuits, overhead and underground electric power and communication systems, buildings, boats, and aircraft and launch vehicles in flight.Itisthemostfrequentcauseofovervoltagesondistributionsystems(Williams et al., 2010).Thevoltageofalightningstrike maystartathundredsofmillionsofvoltsbetweenthecloudandearth.Althoughthesevaluesdonotreachtheearth, millions of volts can be delivered to the buildings, trees or distribution lines struck (Guillén et al., 2016). Lightning is a direct transientcurrentthathasbeenrecordedtobeupto260,000amperesandlastfordurationofupto200microseconds making it very hard to study (Beaty et al., 2016). According to Tobias (2013), lightning strikes and thunderstorms during rainfall are very likely to occur frequently and hence protection ofequipment especially transformers, that can be affected by their occurrence should be treated with utmost priority (Inagaki et al., 2018).
Lightning is a meteorological process that has adverse effects on human life. Considering electrical power system point of view, system has to be protected against lightning as huge part of it is exposed to lightning. Components of the power system can be exposed to the transient over-voltages occurring due to the lightning stroke. These over-voltages, are of high magnitude and can cause damage to the connected equipment when necessary protection is not enabled against the lightning surges.
The10kV(or35kV)distributionnetworkisanimportantpartofthepowersystem,andisthemainpower supply network in rural areas and suburbs. The reliable and stable power supply is a criticalguarantee for the economic development of the rural areas and suburbs. However, the overheaddistribution lines in suburbs and rural areas usually go through extensive open areas, are susceptibletobestruckbylightning.Asthelightningwavepassesalongthelinestodistributiontransformers, itwill be damaged easily, threatening the reliability and the operational safety of power distributionsystem.Themainreasonforthebrokenofthetransformersisthattheprotectionmethodisinappropriate.
Whenpowertransformersarestruckbylightning,complicatedelectromagneticoscillationprocesswill appear in the internal windings, making high overvoltage occur between each point on thewindings, such as inter-turn, inter-layer and inter-reel. Reducing the amplitudes and gradients of theintrusionimpulsevoltagehasaveryimportantsignificancefortheprotectionofinsulationofwinding,especially the vertical insulation. The proposed method can prevent the hazards of the positivetransform overvoltages and inverse transform overvoltage, and can also reduce the amplitudes andgradients of the invading voltage of the high-voltage side, thereby protecting the insulation ofwindings.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Lightning has been one of the major causes of power outage and has significant damage to the power system and its components. This affects the power quality and the reliability of the system.
The investigation of the lightning surge is necessary to ensure a reliable power system operation as the over voltage caused by the lightning surge is the prime factor considering the insulation coordination of the power system apparatus and protection of transmission and substation equipment. Generally, there are two ways through which lightning causes damage to the power apparatus: (i) lightning increases the voltage across the equipment in such way that the equipment terminals spark-over resulting in short circuit or voltage puncture through the electrical insulation of the apparatus resulting in permanent damage (Nweke t al., 2019). (ii) melt down or fracture of the apparatus, when the energy handling capacity of apparatus lags the energy of the lightning stroke. The equipment used and connected in the network have a defined basic insulation level (BIL) and when the over-voltage exceeds the defined limit, insulation breakdown occurs and the equipment fails. There are number of strokes within a lightning flash which reduces negative or positive charges from cloud to the ground (Nweke t al., 2019).
Lightning causes numerous equipment failureswhich include transformers. The distribution transformers are easily damaged when struck by lightning, the reliabilityof power supply and distribution system as well as the operational safety will be affected seriously (Nweke t al., 2019). This study will findoutarelativelythoroughlightningprotectionmeasure,toensurethesafe and stable operation of distribution transformer.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main aim of this work is to carry out a study on lightning protection for distribution transformers.
The objectives of the study are:
- To study the effect of lighting strike on a distribution transformer
- To study lightningprotectionmeasure in other toensurethesafe and stable operation of distribution transformer.
- To provides a new effectivetheoreticalway for lightning protectionofdistribution transformers
- To review different lightning protection methods for distribution transformers.
- To compare different method of lighting protection effectiveness with the current practice of the ECG using Electro-Magnetic Transient Program (EMTP
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study will serve as a means of providing a general bench mark for lightning protection,ofdistributiontransformers,toensureproperinstallationandtoreducethehighlightningfailurerate of a distribution transformers. Thisstudy will also providemeasuresforbetterlightningprotectionofpole-mounteddistributiontransformersof Medium Voltage (MV) systems. Selectionofarresterswithproperresidualvoltageimparts a considerable contribution to the transformerprotection.Analternativeapproachforthisisalsopresented. The role of the earth resistance and its contribution toHighVoltageandLowVoltagefailuresduetolightningarediscussed,indicatingtypicalmodesoffailure.The determination of a safe valuefortheearth resistanceisalsopresented.
1.5 MOTIVATION OF THE STUDY
Whenever lightning strikes at any point in the network, it propagates from that point of incidence to other parts of the network. The propagation is such that the voltage surge magnitude increases as the voltage level decreases. How the lightning strikes and their effects on power distribution systems can be taken care of, where the results give a clear picture of how to eliminate the devastating impact, caused by lightning, by using lightning arresters. Quite a handful of research has investigated strategies for its mitigation and review different methods.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of ''lightning protection for distribution transformers'' is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of ''lightning protection for distribution transformers'' consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on ''lightning protection for distribution transformers'' was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of ''lightning protection for distribution transformers'' is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of ''lightning protection for distribution transformers'' detector consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of ''lightning protection for distribution transformers'' is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of ''lightning protection for distribution transformers'' detector consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of ''lightning protection for distribution transformers'' is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of ''lightning protection for distribution transformers'' detector consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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