LOSSES IN A GAS TURBINE
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TITLE PAGE
LOSSES IN A GAS TURBINE
BY
---
EE/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---
DECEMBER,2018
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work, "losses in a gas turbine" by ---, Reg. No. EE/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on Electrical and Electronics Engineering has been approved.
By
Dr. --- Dr. ---
Supervisor Head of Department.
Signature………………. Signature……………….
……………………………….
Dr. ---
External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
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Gas turbines, like other prime movers, experience wear and tear over time, resulting in decreases in available power and efficiency which is known as losses. These loss events were then categorized based on the nature of the associated loss scenario. The study subsequently focused on the variables that could be monitored in real time to detect the abnormal turbine operating conditions, such as vibration characteristics, temperature, pressure, quality of working fluids, and material degradations. These groups of CM variables were then matched with detectable failures in each loss event and prioritized based on their effectiveness for failure detection and prevention. The detectable loss events and the associated loss values were used in this evaluation process. The study finally concluded with a summary of findings and path-forward actions.
Nomenclature
C = true chord length of airfoil
Cx = axial chord length of airfoil
Cx= axial chord length of airfoil
Cp= local total pressure loss coefficient, (Poi−Poe)/Poi
Cωs= streamwise vorticity coefficient
ELC= energy loss coefficient
H= enthalpy
H = flow passage height
Htc = heat transfer coefficient
IAL= integrated aerodynamic losses
K= ratio of specific heats
Me= exit local Mach number downstream of the airfoil
Me,ideal= ideal isentropic exit local Mach number downstream of the airfoil
Me∞= exit freestream Mach number downstream of the airfoil mass flow rate
P= airfoil passage effective pitch
Po= stagnation pressure
Poc= injectant stagnation pressure
Poe= exit local stagnation pressure
Poe= exit local stagnation pressure
Poe,m= mass-averaged exit stagnation pressure
Poe∞= exit freestream stagnation pressure
Poi= inlet local stagnation pressure
Poi= inlet local stagnation pressure
Poi,m= mass-averaged inlet stagnation pressure
Poi∞= inlet freestream stagnation pressure
Pse= exit local static pressure
Pse= exit local static pressure
Pse,m= mass-averaged exit static pressure
poe,A= area-averaged exit stagnation pressure
pse,A= area-averaged exit static pressure
PS= pressure side
Qe= exit local dynamic pressure
qe,m= mass-averaged exit dynamic pressure
R= gas constant
S= span spacing between adjacent airfoils
Se= local exit entropy
Si= local inlet entropy
SS= suction side
Te= exit absolute temperature
Tu= test section inlet longitudinal turbulence intensity level
U= local streamwise velocity
u∞= local streamwise freestream velocity
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- AIM OF THE PROJECT
- OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
- SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- OVERVIEW OF GAS TURBINE
- THEORY OF OPERATION
- OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY
- EARLY PAST INVESTIGATIONS
- REVIEW OF QUANTITATIVE AERODYNAMIC LOSS CHARACTERIZATION
CHAPTER THREE
- CATEGORIES OF GAS TURBINE LOSSES
- TURBINE LOSS DATA BY LOSS CATEGORIES
- COMPRESSOR LOSSES VERSUS TURBINE LOSSES
CHAPTER FOUR
- GAS TURBINE CONDITION MONITORING
- BLADE VIBRATION MONITORING
- ROTOR/CASE VIBRATION AND CLEARANCE MONITORING
- TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE, AND PERFORMANCE MONITORING
- FLUID QUALITY MONITORING
- MONITORING MATERIAL CRACKING OR DEGRADATION
- PRIORITIZATION OF CM
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Equipment losses contribute to a large portion of losses in higher hazard occupancies such as Power Gen. While the fleet of insured gas turbines has seen a steady growth over recent years, the reliability and availability of the gas turbines have been continuously challenged by more taxing loads, harsher environment, and over- stretched operations to meet rising power demand. Both operators and insurers of gas turbines have become increasingly concerned with the risk of turbine failures and associated losses. To help clients improve loss prevention and reduce exposure to the risks, the center for property risk solutions continues its efforts to understand turbine loss scenarios and failure mechanisms, and further, the risk mitigation methods based on effective monitoring of turbine condition variables.
Gas turbine loss events due to mechanical breakdown during a recent 10-year period at clients’ power generation plants were evaluated. While the true root causes of individual loss events may have been ambiguous in a number of cases, the study focused on the detection of the developing failure at an early stage through CM, so as to stop the failure progression or adjust the maintenance plan accordingly to mitigate the risk of equipment loss. Each of the reviewed loss events can be described as a loss scenario composed of a series of component failures. As a first step, these loss events were categorized based on the nature of their respective loss scenarios. Such categorization improves the understanding of major contributors of the turbine loss events. Second, the failures in each typical loss scenario of the categories led to the identification of appropriate condition variables that can be monitored to detect these failures. Relevant monitoring technologies were reviewed for each group of CM variables. Finally, evaluation and prioritization of the major types or groups of CM variables were performed based on the effectiveness of failure detection and prevention. The remainder of the paper is structured following the steps of the study outlined earlier.
1.2 AIM OF THE PROJECT
Gas turbines, like other prime movers, experience wear and tear over time, resulting in decreases in available power and efficiency which is known as losses. The aim of this work is to highlight and discussed those losses that affects the power and efficiency of a gas turbine.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
The student involved shall discuss and monitored in real time to detect the abnormal turbine operating conditions, such as vibration characteristics, temperature, pressure, quality of working fluids and material degradations. These groups of condition monitoring variables were then matched with detectable failures in each loss event and prioritized based on their effectiveness for failure detection and prevention. The detectable loss events and the associated loss value were used in this evaluation process.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
In-situ condition monitoring (CM) is a crucial element in protection and predictive maintenance of large rotating Power-Gen equipment such as gas turbines or steam turbines. In this work, selected gas turbine loss events occurring during a recent ten-year period at FM Global clients’ power generation plants were evaluated. For each loss event, a loss scenario or a chain of failures was outlined after investigating the available loss record. These loss events were then categorized based on the nature of the associated loss scenario.
CHAPTER TWO: The complete chapter two of “losses in a gas turbine” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of “losses in a gas turbine” consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on “losses in a gas turbine” was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of “losses in a gas turbine” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of “losses in a gas turbine” consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of “losses in a gas turbine” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of “losses in a gas turbine” consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of “losses in a gas turbine” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of “losses in a gas turbine” consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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