MODELLING AND EVALUATING EFFECT OF CONTROL AND PROTECTION OF THE RELIABILITY OF POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
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This study deals with modeling and evaluating effect ofprotectionand control on reliability of power distribution systems. Analysis of the customer failure statistics has shown thatthe distribution systems make the greatest contribution to theunavailability of power supply to customers. To improve theirliability, consideration is being given to increasing thelevel of automation and control. It is desired that thereliability improvement related to the automation and controlcould be quantified. The objective of the work is thus todevelop analytical models and techniques inorder to include the effect of automation and control in thereliability assessment of distribution systems.
Automating a distribution system is an effectivemeans to providea morereliableand economicalsystem inthe fast growing technological world. This paper delivers intoautomatingasystemusingtwo-stagerestoration(partialautomation)andputforwardafeederautomationsystembasedonsubstationautomationplatformthatcanbeappliedto electrical distribution systems for high economic-technicalefficiency.Improvedreliabilityisevaluatedwhenfeederautomation is applied to distribution. This paper studies threedifferent feeders and decides on the most probable reliablefeederamongthem.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
- AIM/OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
- SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY
2.2 RELIABILITYPRINCIPLES
2.3 DIFFERENTTYPESOFINTERRUPTION
2.4 RELIABILITYEVALUATION
2.5 RELIABILITYINDICES
2.6 REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES
2.7 MAJOR CAUSES OF INTERRUPTION IN DISTRIBUTIONSUBSTATION
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 RELIABILITYASSESSMENT,METRICSANDINDICES
3.2 RELIABILITYANALYSIS
3.3 NETWORKMODELING
3.4 RELIABILITYINDICES
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 TWOSTAGERESTORATION
4.3 CASESTUDYON DIFFERENT TYPESOFDISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
4.3.1 Urban feedermodelingandevaluation
4.3.2 Urban feedermodelingandevaluation
4.3.3 Industrial feedermodelingandevaluation
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 CONCLUSIONS
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
5.2 REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Electricpowersystemisbasicallysetuptosupplyelectricitywithlittleornointerruptions to its customers. The number of interruptions that occur while the systemperforms its intended function is part of what determines the overall reliability of thesystem.Theotherfactorthatdeterminesitsreliabilityisthequalityofelectricitydelivered. Furthermore, the capability of a power system to continuously deliver qualityelectricity means that the customers are satisfied and the electricity providers are havingfavorablereturnsontheirinvestmentastheycontinuetheirbusinessofsupplyingelectricity. As electricity consumption has become an important factor that affects thedrive needed for technology to grow and to facilitate the development of modern society,it is very important therefore to take seriously the issue of reliability of an electric powersystem.
Generation, transmission and distribution are the three subsystems of an electric powersystem. At the generating station, electricity is generated and transmitted through the highvoltagetransmissionlinestothedistributionsubstations.Thedistributionsubstationsystemconsideredcoverstheelectricalsystembetweenthesubstationfedbythesubtransmissionsystemandthesupplylinetotheconsumers’metersi.e.11kVto0.415kV transformation (Theraja and Theraja, 2005). The distribution substations areusuallysitedrelativelynearthecustomersforeffectivedelivery,monitoringandmaintenanceofthesubstationandthecustomerendandareusuallyreferredtoassecondary distribution substation system. Distribution systems basically serve as the linkfrom the distribution substation to the customer. Reliable and safe transfer of electricity tothe customers covered by the distribution area is ensured by this system and is the mainsubjectstudied in this dissertation.
Intermsofreliabilityevaluationandmodeling,generatingstationshavejustifiablyreceivedmoreattentionthantheothersystemsbecausetheyareindividuallycapital intensive. In addition, in the event of generation inadequacy and generation loss there isusuallywidespreadcatastrophiceffectsonthesocietyandenvironment.Itimpactsdirectly on the whole system and even distribution system will not be able to perform itsduty because there will be no electricity to supply to customers. However based onpublished research work and studies, distribution systems have begun to receive moderateattention compared to past decades. In most cases, when there is disturbance in form offailure which results in outages in the distribution system it affects only the localizedterritory. Only in few cases does the fault move up in to the system largely as a result ofprotection failure. Analysis of the customer failure statistics of most electricity companiesshowsthatthedistributionsystemmakesthegreatestindividualcontributiontotheunavailabilityofsupplytoacustomer(Gonen,2014).Ineffect,thepurposeofestablishinggeneratingstationsandthehurdlesovercometotransmitelectricityisdefeatedwhenitdoesnotgettotheuserendasaresultofdistributionsystemfailure.This makes distribution system to be highly important. The distribution systems accountfor up to 90% of all customer reliability problems, improving distribution reliability is thekeyto improvingcustomer reliability (Billintonand Jonnavithula, 1996).
Meanwhile, as the main aim of a power system is to meet the electricity needs of thecustomers and this can only be achieved when the components making up the system areperforming their intended function properly for as long as the system is in operation, it isimportantthatthedemandforelectricityanditssupplybeproperlyviewedandincludedin setting up the system. Therefore, due to its high impact on the cost of electricity and itscorresponding effect on customer satisfaction, distribution reliability is very important.However, as in any other viable engineering system, there are challenges that face powerdistribution systemwhich tends to make the system unreliable. One of these is the issueofservingitsmainpurposewhichistosupplyqualityelectricitywithlittleornointerruptions. This problem is inevitable in power systems across the world but the waythey are managed is what makes it different from country to country.
Distribution Automation (DA) optimizes a utility’s operations and directly improves the reliability of power distribution system. Utilities using Distribution Automation can achieve significant reduction in outage time for customers with minimal circuit reconfiguration resulting improved reliability indices. The gauge of effectiveness of DA implementations depends on the failure rate of the implemented automation technology.
The Distribution Automation involves the automatic control and protection of electric power distribution feeders thereby improving system reliability which is the main aim of the study.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
A distribution substation consists of supply line, power transformer, outgoing feeders,switchingdevice,andprotectiondevicetoensureefficientoperation.11/0.415kVsubstations are common sight on streets and perform the function of distributing powersupplytoanumberofcustomersinagivenneighborhood.Thesubstationisthefinalstageof electric powerdistribution system as the circuits leaves the substation at 415Vand delivered by three-phase, 4-wire system. The voltage between any two phases isusually lower than the actual 415V and between a phase and neutral is 240Vand mosttimeswhen measured is less than 230Vas aresultofvoltagedrop.
In Nigeria, daily electric power interruption is largely becoming a consistent phenomenonin wide area network of electricity distribution and this is basically due to insufficientpowergeneration,transmissionfaultsanddistributionsystemfaultsandfailures.Unavailability of power supply to customers can occur several times a day and sometimesfor weeks and in worst cases for months. There are instances where several interruptionsoccur in a day especially at the residential loads, which causes untimely failure of homegadgets, darkening of light bulbs, and reduced efficiency and performance of high-powerappliances. Damage of electronic devices and burning of light bulbs have also occurreddue to over voltages. There are also few cases of deliberate outages due to weatherespecially rainfall. This is to protect most residential areas from voltage surge that mayenterintothepowersystemwhenlightningoccursowingtothefactthatnotallresidentialareaswereinspectedandcertifiedbytheelectricalcompanieswhenthebuildings were completed. Most electrical designs in residential houses are usually notdone by professional engineers especially in the middle-class and low-income earner’ssettlements.
Considering the fact that the presently installed capacity in Nigeria cannot serve all thecustomers, it is incumbent that the available power generated be judiciously served withlittle or no interruptions. That is, when power is generated and available in the system, thedistribution subsystem must be up to its task of delivering quality power to the customers.Hence there isthe needfor the reliability evaluation of a typical distribution substationandits availability.
Integration of new technologies, automation and increased penetration of distributed generation is expected to make improving and even sustaining high reliability standards a complex task.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of this dissertation is to conduct a reliability evaluation of secondary distributionsubstationsysteminNigeria. The objectives of the study are:
- To determine the effect of automated control and protection of feeders on the reliability of power distribution system
- To determine the reliability of electric distribution feeder using distribution automation.
- To reduce the rate of power failure
- To model and evaluate the reliability of the system in terms of SAIDI, CAIDI, SAIFI and ENS on rural, urban and industrial network.
1.4 SIGNIFICACE OF THE STUDY
It isinmanagementofthepowersystemsthatreliability evaluationbecomessignificant.Reliability evaluation does not in any way make a system more reliable but it helps insystemplanningandidentification ofweakcomponents.
Distribution automation is a very effective means to minimize outage durations. Automated and remotely controlled service restoration can eliminate the need to perform switching operations manually and could have a significant effect on the system reliability. In order to enable such an effect to be quantitatively evaluated, this paper examines the inherent features of the control systems and describes the concepts and models which more truly reflect the behavior of the automation and control systems.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Scope of this study covers the modelling and evaluating effect of control and protection of the reliability of power distribution system which involves automating a distribution. In this work, automation ofasystemusingtwo-stagerestoration(partialautomation)andputforwardafeederautomationsystembasedonsubstationautomationplatformwas appliedto electrical distribution systems for high economic-technicalefficiency,
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 CONCLUSION
This paper has examined the impact of partial automation on reliability of distribution system. It has described the optimal placement of switches needed to evaluate reliability of automated distribution system of different three feeders. When compared to the fully automation, the partial automation is economical. The reliability analysis shows that two- stage automation is an effective means to reduce the outage duration. The system reliability has increased considerably by automatic service restoration. With the implementation of the two- stage restoration on different feeders namely Urban, Rural and Industrial feeders the Energy not supplied will be decreased in case of industrial feeder due to less interruptions duration. It has shown that industrial feeders are highly reliable compared to urban and rural feeders.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the work done in this dissertation, the following recommendations are made:
- The utility company should continue to keep accurate record of interruptions, the causes and durations as these will really help to carry out concise research work.
- Also, efforts should be put in place to see that when there is a component outage, the duration is reduced greatly in order to achieve a more reliable system. And this can be done by ensuring that the customers have a means of reporting outages to the utility company and speedy response whenever outages are reported. This might mean having more hands on deck, i.e. more manpower to sufficiently cover the different areas. Digital monitoring of the substation and lines as it is done for transmission lines and substations is suggested. This may be expensive to implement because there are more secondary distribution substations scattered around a primary distribution network but the benefits cannot be overemphasized. And this can be determined by looking into the reliability cost of the substations if such is to be implemented.
- There should be conscious effort to ensure that duration of outages is reduced to the lowest minimum as possible as this will help improve the reliability of the substation. Reliability is important, but not to be achieved through crooked means like, hastily pushing repairs which may encourage short cuts by the utility workers. Moreover, there is higher probability of making mistakes when the workers are over worked and tired. Hence, it is very important that the utility workers are capable, having the right set of tools, take enough breaks, and follow normal safety precautions for instance working under active lightning should be avoided.
- The customers should be enlightened to see the substation as their property as this will foster quick reportage of failures. This will also aid in protection of the substation from vandals.
- There have been reported cases of customers tampering with the substation components. An example is employing the services of a technician to fix fuse related problems. And in many cases, it has proved to be dangerous as the fuse ratings used are higher in a bid to ensure that there is no loss of supply but this affects the transformers in many cases as through faults.
- The design of the substation can be improved to be a double-end fed radial system to ensure better supply of electricity which automatically improves the reliability of the substation.
- Overloading seems to be a major problem for most distribution substations; hence utility company should have accurate data of their customers. And for newer substations, there must be a major consideration and effective design for more customers as the substation continues to exist. Also, building more customer distribution substations will help reduce the overloading of the transformer.
- Proper and regular inspection of utility facilities like poles will also improve reliability of the substation.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "modelling and evaluating effect of control and protection of the reliability of power distribution system" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "modelling and evaluating effect of control and protection of the reliability of power distribution system" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "modelling and evaluating effect of control and protection of the reliability of power distribution system" was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "modelling and evaluating effect of control and protection of the reliability of power distribution system" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "modelling and evaluating effect of control and protection of the reliability of power distribution system" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "modelling and evaluating effect of control and protection of the reliability of power distribution system" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "modelling and evaluating effect of control and protection of the reliability of power distribution system" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of "modelling and evaluating effect of control and protection of the reliability of power distribution system" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "modelling and evaluating effect of control and protection of the reliability of power distribution system" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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