MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF THE IMPACT OF POWER GENERATION ON THE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
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With the ever increasing demand ofelectricityconsumptionandtheincreasinginopenaccessparticularlyinrestructured (deregulated) environment, transmission line congestionisquite frequent. For maximum mitigationandbenefitofthiscongestion,propersizing and allocation of distributed generators (DG)are ardently necessary. As implemethod ispresentedinthispaperfortheoptimalplacementandsizing of this type of generators in distribution electricpower networks. A conventional iterative simple searchtechnique combined with Newton Raphson (N-R) methodof load flow study is applied on a real 15-bus distributionfeeder model and on the standard IEEE14-bussystem.ThePowerworldSimulator©v.15commercial software have been used for the modelling,visualization,simulationandanalysisofthepowersystemsunderstudyTheobjectiveoftheformulationpresented here is to lower down effectively both energycostandpowerlosses.Thepaperalsoemploysanappropriate weighting factor in order to balance the costand loss quantities, and at the same time to formulate theoverallobjectivesleadingtohighpotentialbenefit.
KEYWORDS
Powersystem,Modellingandsimulation,Distributedgeneration,Newton Raphson,Objectivefunction.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the project
- Problem statement
- Aim and objectives of the project
- Scopeandlimitations
- Project organisation
CHAPTER TWO
DISTRIBUTEDGENERATIONCONCEPTANDTECHNOLOGY
- Introduction
- DistributedGenerationConcept
- DefinitionofDistributedGeneration
- DistributedGenerationClassifications
- Sierra Leone energy sector overview
- Reform of the Energy Sector
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 POWERSYSTEMMODELLINGANDPROBLEMFORMULATION
3.1 DescriptionofDistributionNetworksunderStudy
3.2 DescriptionoftheModellingMethodology
ModellingImplementation
- ObjectiveFunction
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 SIMULATIONRESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION And RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Power systems were originally developed in the form of local generation supplying localdemands,theindividualsystemsbeingbuiltandoperatedbyindependentcompanies(Jenkins et al., 2000). This is exemplified by the lighting of the Harbour Board of the City ofCapeTownwhoseinstallationwascommissionedon3October1882,thelampsbeingsupplied by generating plant installed in a building in St Andrew's Square. According toPalser (n.d), it is recorded that these lights "proved of great service, not only in minimisingaccidents, but also in facilitating the working of vessels at night". During the early years ofdevelopment, small generating station supplying local loads proved quite sufficient. In otherwords, the electric system was composed of multiple but isolated generation plants (Gallietal., 2011). For instance, initially 4000 individual electric utilities in the U.S. owned local gridsand operated in isolation (Jin, 2010). However, it was soon recognised that an integratedsystem, planned and operated by a specific organisation, was needed to create an effectivesystem that was both reasonably secure and economic (Jenkins et al., 2000). This in the viewofEPRI(2000)meansthatcentralisedpowersystemsevolvedinthefirstplacebecauseofthe various economic and reliability advantages associated with large-scale interconnectedpower systems.
Modern electrical power systems have developed over a period of about 70 years (Jenkins etal., 2010) based on economy of scale and efficiency. This is because modern society is verymuch dependent on the availability of cheap and reliable electricity (Bollen and Hassan,2011) which warranted the replacement of small generating stations with large centralisedgenerators. However, the economic and reliability advantages of 50 years ago may no longerapply today due to new technical and economic factors that have arisen in the past fewdecades (EPRI, 2000). In the view of Clark (2010) while some fossil fuels, like coal, are stillcheaptoday,theyarethemajorAmericanandglobalatmosphericpolluters.Therefore,ifthe human and environmental impacts of coal were calculated into its costs, then the realcostofcoalenergygenerationforpowerwouldsoar.Thebulkofglobalelectricityisgenerated in large (> 500 MW) power stations at around 20 kV (Freris and Infield, 2008). Thisisthensteppedupbytransformerstoanextrahighvoltage(EHV)levelsuchas400kVandcarried by the transmission system to the bulk supply points, where it is stepped down to ahighvoltage(HV)levelofaround100kV.The400kVhighvoltageinterconnectedtransmission network, according to Jenkins et al. (2010), is common in most of Europe and750 kVinNorthAmericaandChina.
Although Sierra Leone is endowed with energy potential in various forms including biomass from agricultural wastes, hydro and solar power, it remains underutilized. Energy consumption is largely dominated by biomass sourced from fuelwood and accounts for around 80 percent of the energy used. Imported petroleum products, the next largest source of energy, are mainly for power generation and account for 13 percent of energy consumption. Only 15 percent of the total population and about 2.5 percent of the rural population currently have access to electricity. The power sector is small, with less than 150 MW of energy capacity connecting less than 150,000 customers with the cost for electricity heavily subsidized. The entire country lacks a stable and reliable public power supply and domestic demand remains significantly unmet.
The current electricity supply is challenged by generation capacity and seasonal variation and is disseminated using inadequate and aging transmission and distribution networks. It is delivered at a very high cost with Sierra Leone having one of the highest electricity tariffs in the sub-region. There are numerous waterfalls for hydropower and abundant sunlight for solar power generation with an estimated hydro project potential of more than 1000MW, while solar opportunities are above 240 MW. The major hydropower facility, Bumbuna Dam, with a peak of 50MW during the rainy season, has a reduced output of 8MW in the dry season.
The government has demonstrated a strong commitment to expanding the energy sector despite many major challenges over the past years. The enactment of relevant legislative reforms laid the foundation for the restructuring of the sector, which created the Electricity and Water Regulatory Commission (EWRC) in 2014, unbundled the former National Power Authority (NPA) into the Electricity Generation and Transmission Company (EGTC), and the Electricity Distribution and Supply Authority (EDSA) in 2015, and enabled the development of Independent Power Producers (IPP) projects. The EWRC focuses mainly on the regulatory aspects and set tariffs for consumers and tariffs between EGTC/IPPs, while the EGTC focuses on electricity generation and transmission. EDSA holds a monopoly as the single buyer from IPPs and the single seller to consumers.
Power Africa, a multi-partner initiative to increase efficient electricity in sub-Saharan Africa, supported Sierra Leone in 2015 with a $44.4 million four-year threshold program through the United States Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC). The program addressed: strengthening the regulatory infrastructure; restructuring the water sector; streamlining the electricity sector; guiding the development of a roadmap for the implementation of reforms to enhance financial sustainability; and improved operational efficiency. Other initiatives undertaken by the government include the establishment of a Rural Renewable Energy Project to support increased access to rural energy resources and a Rural Electricity Board and a Rural Electricity Fund to promote and make electrification widely available in all regions, a Renewable Energy Empowerment Project to develop a knowledge base of existing renewable energy policies. The Côte d’Ivoire-Liberia-Sierra Leone-Guinea (CLSG) interconnector project, under the West African Power Pool (WAPP) program, aims to provide an increased supply of electricity to these countries to meet the growing demand and will create an incentive for hydropower potentials that exist in Sierra Leone.
While the overall objective of the government has been to provide energy in sufficient quantities to all regions of the country, there has been an inadequate investment and limited private sector participation in the energy sector. The government has therefore embarked on various reforms focused on improving governance and regulation to encourage private sector participation in the sector. The national Electricity Act enables the participation of IPPs in power generation and distribution. The Public-Private Partnership Unit in the Office of the President has developed a standard power purchase agreement to simplify and expedite negotiations with investors in energy and plans to establish feed-in tariffs to harmonize the sale of power from various IPPs into the WAPP and the national grid. The government is also providing special financial incentives to investors in the renewable energy sector and intends to promote the use of Liquified Natural Gas and Liquefied Petroleum Gas. The government is inviting private independent power producers to enter the sector and support the government in achieving this goal.
TheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)definesenergysecurityastheuninterruptedavailability of energy sources at an affordable price (Miketa and Merven, 2013). Energysecurity has many aspects. Long-term investment is mainly linked to timely investments tosupply energy in line with economic developments and environmental needs. Short-termenergy security focuses on the ability of the energy system to react promptly to suddenchanges in the supply-demand balance.
1.2 Problem statement
Theconnectionofgeneration sourcestodistributionnetworksleads to a number of challenges because these circuits were designed to supply loads withpower from the higher to the lower voltage circuits. According to Jenkins et al. (2010),conventional distribution networks are passive with few measurements and very limitedactive control. They are designed to accommodate all combinations of load with no action bythe system operator. However, with significant penetration of distributed generation thepower flows may become reversed and the distribution network will no longer be a passivecircuitsupplyingloadsbutanactivesystemwithpowerflowsandvoltagesdeterminedbythe generation as well as the loads. Ackermann et al. (2001) believe that this large variety ofoptions for grid connection of distributed generation makes the analysis of grid integrationissuesverycomplex.Furthermore,thatlocalnetworkconditionshaveanimportantinfluence on the relevant integration issues. Hence, each network will require a detailedanalysis. According to IEC (2010) it is a great challenge to interconnect renewable energy generationto power systems. Therefore, one important task of Smart Grid is to provide a dynamicplatformforfreeandsafeinterconnectionofrenewableenergygenerationtopowersystems.Thismeansthatsmartgrid technologycanaddresssomeoftheproblemsofinterconnectingDGs atthedistribution level.
1.3 Aim and objectives of the study
Themain aimofthisresearchworkistoconductastudyontheimpactsofdistributed generation. Therefore, thiswork aims at evaluating the potential effects of DG on the operation of electric power systemwithparticularreferencetothedistribution system.Actualisationofthisobjectivehingeson:
- Extensiveandintensiveliteraturereview,
- Selectionofappropriatesimulationsoftware,
- Developmentof adistributionnetworkmodel,and
- Simulationstoinvestigate DGimpacts.
1.4 Scope and Limitations
Thisresearchworkfocusesonmodeling and simulating a power generation system on the distribution network.However,thecrucialroleofcommunicationinelectricpowersystemwillreceivedueattentionwhileavoidingitsmodelling complexities.
1.5 ThesisOrganisation
Thisthesisisorganisedasfollows:
Chapter1Introduction
Chapter2DistributedGenerationConceptandTechnology
Chapter3ModellingandSimulation
Chapter4results and discusion
Chapter6ConclusionandRecommendations
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