MODIFICATION AND TESTING OF BIOMASS DRYER
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This is to certify that the research work, "modification and testing of biomass dryer" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
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Drying is out of the major problem in post harvest operation. The traditional method of Drying (Sun drying) is weather dependent and unhygienic which affect food storage most especially in developing countries like India where more than 3300 to 3700 hours of bright sunshine per year available in North- West and West coastal region. The dryer consist of the following operating component parts: a cabinet, blower, trays, temperature controller, copper wire and light emitting Diode (LED) screen and switch. The factors considered in the study were turmeric of 2000g weight, temperature (500C, 600C and 800C) and each were replicated 3 times. The testing was carried out in term of drying rate, amount of moisture loss and applied temperature. Temperature of 600C and 700C favours the drying of the three weight that temperature of 400C. the time taken for each figure sample at different weight and temperature differs. Hence, the higher the temperature the lesser the time taken for the turmeric to dry, the higher the weight the higher the time taken for turmeric to dry, the statistical analysis (ANOVA) shows that there is high significance difference at 5% in the mean value of the drying rate as affected by temperature 400C and there high significance difference at 1% and 5% in the mean value of the drying rate. The efficiency of the battery operated biomass dryer on the modification to the biomass dryer was evaluated to be N 223,250.00.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover Page i
Title Page ii
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgements
Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
1.2 Problem Statement
1.3 Aim and Objectives
1.4 Justification
1.5 Scope of the Project
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Drying as an Element of Post Harvest
2.1.1 Types of Losses
2.1.1.1 Moisture Content
2.1.1.2 Damage
2.1.1.3 Direct and Indirect Losses
2.1.1.4 Weight Loss
2.1.1.5 Quality Loss
2.1.1.6 Food Loss
2.1.1.7 Seed Viability Loss
2.1.1.8 Commercial Loss
2.2 Methods of Drying
2.2.1 Traditional method of drying
2.2.2 Modern Methods of Drying
2.3 Mechanisms of Drying
2.4 Basic Theory of Drying
2.4.1 Thin Layer Drying
2.4.2 Deep Bed Drying
2.5 Factors affecting rate of drying
2.5.1 Crop Parameters
2.5.2 Air Parameters
2.5.3 Dryer Parameters
2.6 Review of Dryers
2.7 Drying Process
2.8 Agronomy of Turmeric
2.8.1 Benefit of Turmeric
2.9 Sources of Energy for Drying
2.9.1 Briquette as a Source of Energy
2.9.2 Solar as a Source of Energy
2.9.3 The Fossil Fuels
2.9.4 Electricity
2.9.5 Nuclear Power
2.9.6 Hydro Power
2.9.7 Geothermal Energy
2.9.8 Wind Power
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHOD
3.1 Modified Areas on the Biomass Dryer
3.2 Materials
3.2.1 Charcoal
3.2.2 Digital Weighing Scale
3.2.3 Temperature Monitor and Controller
3.2.4 Biomass Dryer
3.2.5 Digital Venier Caliper
3.2 Description of the Machine
3.3 Component Parts of the Biomass Dryer
3.3.1 Chimney
3.3.2 Drying Tray
3.3.3 Drying Chamber
3.3.4 Solar Panel
3.3.5 Battery
3.3.6 Ash Port
3.3.7 Temperature Controller
3.3.8 Centrifugal Fan (Blower)
3.3.9 LED Screen
3.3.10 Charge Controller
3.3.11 Copper Pipe
3.4 Design Consideration for the Biomass Dryer
3.4.1 Air Temperature
3.4.2 Air Relative Humidity
3.4.3 Air Flow Rate
3.5 Material Selection
3.6 Operation of the Biomass Dryer
3.7 Design Analysis/Design Calculation
3.7.1 Design for the Volume/Capacity of Drying Tray
3.7.2 Design of Area of the Temperature Controller
3.7.3 Design of Area of Copper Pipe
3.7.4 Design of Area for the Burning Chamber
3.7.5 The Amount of Moisture to be Removed from Agricultural Produce
3.7.6 Design for Solar Panel Capacity
3.7.7 Drying Rate
3.7.8 Design Calculation and Analysis
3.8 Bill of Engineering Measurement and Evaluation (BEME)
3.10.1 Sourcing of Raw Material
3.10.2 Sample Preparation
3.10.3 Experimental Design and Layout
3.10.4 Experimental Procedure
3.10.5 Output Parameter
3.10.5.1 Measurement for Drying Rate
3.10.5.2 Determination of Water Loss
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Results
4.2 Discussion
4.2.1 Effect of Drying Rate on Turmeric at 500C
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusions
5.2 Recommendations
Reference
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
AppendiX D
LIST OF TABLES
Table No Description Pages
Table 3.1: Bought out Components for the Production
Table 3.2: Cost of Materials for the Production
Table 4.1 Drying Rate of Turmeric at 500C When Loaded with 2000g
Table 4.2 Drying Rate of Turmeric at 600C When Loaded with 2000g
Table 4.3 Drying rate of Turmeric at 700C When Loaded with 2000g
Table 4.4 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Table for Sample 3mm, 6mm and 9mm at Temperature 500C.
Table 4.5 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Table for Sample 3mm, 6mm and 9mm at Temperature 600C.
Table 4.6 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Table for Sample 3mm, 6mm and 9mm at Temperature 700C
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No Description Pages
Figure 2.1: The Period of drying
Figure 4.1: Effect of Drying Rate of Turmeric at 500C of 3mm, 6mm and 9mm size of Turmeric
Figure 4.2: Effect of Drying Rate of Turmeric at 600C of 3mm, 6mm and 9mm size of Turmeric
Figure 4.3: Effect of Drying Rate of Turmeric at 700C of 3mm, 6mm and 9mm size of Turmeric
LIST OF PLATES
Plate No Description Pages
Plate 3.1: Charcoal
Plate 3.2: Digital Weighing Scale
Plate 3.3: Temperature Controller
Plate 3.4: Biomass Dryer
Plate 3.5: Digital Venier Caliper
Plate 4.1: Sliced Tormeric Before Drying
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Drying is the dehydration process used to remove the moisture present in food products by the application of heat. The heat may be supplied either by hot air or from the biomass energy. Drying process is used to preserve the food products for future usage. Drying prevents the growth of bacteria and yeast formation. Drying can be achieved by using open air and biomass dryers. (Atulet al, 2014). Drying has a vital role in post harvest processing. It has always been of great importance for conserving agricultural products and for extending the food shelflife. (Doymaz 2007).
Drying crops by biomass energy is of great economic importance, especially in Nigeria where most of crops and grain harvests are lost to fungal and microbial attack. These wastage could be easily prevented by proper drying which enhance storage of crops and grains over long period of time. The biomass energy can easily be harnessed by a proper design of biomass dryer for crop drying. This method of drying requires the transfer of both heat and water vapor (Forsonet al, 2007). Biomass drying is a process of using biomass energy to heat air and the product so as to achieve drying of agricultural products (Ajay et al, 2009). Biomass air heaters are simple devices to heat air by utilizing biomass energy and employed rate temperature between 800C such as crop drying and space heating (Bukola and Ayoola, 2008).
Biomass can be define as all renewable or organic matter including plant materials, animal products, and forestry by products and urban wastes etc with highly different properties to be used as fuels. Energy obtained from biomass is not site specific, thus can be established at any place where plant and animal waste is available. The biomass backup burner helps the small scale farmers to dry their product in a more efficient manner. It is also able to reduce the drying time as compared to direct sun drying (Paistet al, 2005).
The biomass dryer is one of the dryers which has achieved some level of acceptance. One of the important disadvantages of the dryer is that it cannot be used without any backup heater during night times and cloudy days. Introducing biomass makes the dryer operational even beyond sunshine hours (IEA, 2011).
1.2 Problem Statement
Majority of the rural farmers do not have access to sustainable electricity supply. Therefore, the biomass dryer are used to operate during raining season at harvest time, the biomass dryer must also be able to continue drying during this period in order to achieve effective drying. It must be able to continue drying until late evening to shorten the drying period (Akhraniet al, 2013). With the price of energy constantly rising, the use of biomass presents air option for decreasing energy dependency. There is also an account locally produced biomass contributes to self-sufficiency and a low dependency on the energy market and on other region (Hutla and Mazancova, 2004).
Thus, there is the need to design and fabricate a biomass dryer that would solve the above mentioned problems for the farmers.
1.3 Aim and Objectives
This aim of this project is tomodified a biomass dryer in order to reduce the moisture content of agricultural crop so as to prolong their shelflife using biomass as a source of heat generation.
The specific objectives of this project are:-
- To extend the condenser in the drying chamber for easy conveyance of the heated air
- To redesign briquette chamber to avoid heat loss and for easy loading of briquette
- To introduce copper pipe for easy transfer of heat into the drying trays
- To carryout performance evaluation on the biomass dryer in term of weight loss, temperature and time
1.4 Justification
The open sun drying process is a slow process, dried products will be of low quality due to contamination of dust particle, damages due to rain and moisture present in the air. Also there is a loss of food products due to insects, birds and animals. Thus there is need to design an integrated biomass dryer that helps to achieve above mentioned and also to reduce the effect of atmospheric pollution on the product because it is carried out in a closed environment (Atul Petal, 2014).
1.5 Scope of the Project
Turmeric (Curcuma Longa L.) is one of the essential of the Indian recipes. Besides the taste and aroma, it is also being used for material value since ancient times. (Jacob 2005). Turmeric is a specie derived from the rhizomes of Curcuma Longa, which is a member of the ginger family Zingiberaceae. The bright yellow colour of turmeric comes mainly from polyphonic pigment curcuminoids (Aggarwalet al., 2007).
Preservation of turmeric cannot be over emphasized in order to reduce post harvest loss of agricultural produce.
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusions
A biomass dryer was modified and tested in the department of Agricultural and Bio-environmental engineering, Kwara State Polytechnic, Ilorin. Based on the results obtained from the experiment, the following conclusions were drawn.
- The temperature considered was 500C, 600C and 700Cat 3mm, 6mm and 9mm respectively.
- The average weight loss at 500C of 1572g of turmeric was found to be 272.8g, at 600C of 2000g was 253.3 and at 700C of 2000g was 257.6.
- The average drying rate of 500C of 200g of 3mm, 6mm and 9mm of turmeric was found to be 0.1437g/m 600C of 2000g of 3mm, 6mm and 9mm was found to be 0.1318g/m and 700C of 2000g of 3mm, 6mm and 9mm of turmeric was found to be 0.1341g/m
- The temperature at 700C at 3mm is more favorable for drying of turmeric
- Copper pipe allows the distribution of heat which makes the drying uniform.
5.2 Recommendations
The following are hereby recommended for future improvement on the Biomass dryer.
- The heat that comes out of the burning chamber exhaust should be converted into energy to power the blower, battery and temperature controller.
- Apart from using only solar to power the controller and battery, there should be another source of energy to power them. In case there is no sun or during raining season.
- The biomass dryer is recommended for farmers (Large or Small) Scale, Industries, Institution laboratories and for domestic use.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "modification and testing of biomass dryer" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "modification and testing of biomass dryer" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "AA" was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "modification and testing of biomass dryer" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "modification and testing of biomass dryer" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "modification and testing of biomass dryer" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "modification and testing of biomass dryer" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of "modification and testing of biomass dryer" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "modification and testing of biomass dryer" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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