MONITORING AND CONTROL OF LOW VOLTAGE NETWORK
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TITLE PAGE
MONITORING AND CONTROL OF LOW VOLTAGE NETWORK
BY
---
--/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---
DECEMBER,2018
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work, "monitoring and control of low voltage network" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
By
--- . ---
Supervisor Head of Department.
Signature………………. Signature……………….
……………………………….
---
External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
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This work describes the low-voltage distribution network monitoring and control system developed for electricity distribution company which investigate low-voltage distribution network performances as well as to identify and study energy losses in low-voltage distribution networks. The main contribution of this work is represented by the real-life monitoring and control infrastructure implementation insights. Furthermore, the system we describe in this work became a part of company’s enterprise information system, thus becoming integrated with heterogeneous information sources. This integration generated additional values to the company since the collected measurements started to improve the quality of the decision-making system for everyday business processes.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
- AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
- SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
- BENEFIT OF MONITORING AND CONTROLLING AT THE LV NETWORK
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- RELATED WORK
- ELECTRICITY NETWORK PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION
- DIFFERENTIAL RELAYS FOR PROTECTION
- DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION SCHEMES
- CONVENTIONAL DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.1 LOW VOLTAGE ELECTRICITY NETWORK MONITORING SYSTEM
3.2 SYSTEM CONTROL
CHAPTER FOUR
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The Low Voltage (LV) network refers to the assets of distribution companies which carry power from distribution transformers to the electricity meters of industrial, commercial and residential customers.
In Nigeria LV networks are operated at 230 volts for single phase and 400 V for three phase at the frequency of 50 hertz. In rural areas LV networks tend to be mainly overhead, while LV networks in urban areas are more likely to be underground. Distribution transformers can be pole or ground-mounted. Pole-mounted transformers are generally smaller and supply fewer customers than ground-mounted transformers. Ground-mounted transformers are usually located in suburban areas and CBDs with underground LV networks, serving larger and more critical loads compared with pole-mounted transformers.
Electricity Distribution Businesses (EDBs) are responsible for maintaining and managing the LV networks to ensure supply is reliable, and voltage and frequency meet supply quality standards set out in the Electricity (Safety) Regulations 2010. LV networks have several attributes that make them worthy of special asset management attention:
• They transport electricity to almost all electricity customers.
• They consist of a significant portion of total network assets.
• Proximity to customers and general public makes management an important part of safety systems.
• LV networks are progressively needing to adapt to integrate a variety of high load consumer technologies, and host increased DER penetration, which can cause a variety of issues.
The efficient use of electric energy imposes the need for the introduction of efficient mechanisms for the optimal use of available electric energy. The electricity distribution system includes a complex power supply network in the form of an electrical grid which consists of a huge number of power lines and devices. Monitoring and management of such complex network represents a major challenge in the daily work of companies for electricity distribution and power supply. These companies have realized that information gathered from sensors and specialized measuring devices are gaining more and more importance in creating successful business plans. The efficient use of data provided from sensors and measuring devices can lead to reducing costs and delivering better services to the customers. If electricity distribution companies ensure that the data obtained from the sensors is exploited together with the data from other information systems, they will improve the quality of data and consequently the quality of decisions they make.
Smart grid, regarded as the next-generation power grid whose ultimate goal is to provide a self-healing network that has dynamic optimization techniques, uses real-time measurements to minimize network losses, maintain voltage levels, increase reliability, and improve asset management (Momoh, 2012). Smart grid initiatives within companies for electricity distribution and power supply are playing the key role in the process of monitoring energy losses and increasing energy efficiency. The issue of electrical energy losses is becoming more important every day, since companies will have to buy energy on the market at economic prices to make up for the losses. This means that any increase in losses that exceeds the predefined norms will directly reflect on the financial status of the company. These facts explain the interest in developing more efficient methods for detecting potential places with higher energy losses.
Up to now, the evolution of the distribution net- work toward the smart grid model has been essentially focused on two non-intersecting areas: high-voltage (mainly 110–35 kV and 110–10 kV electrical substations) and medium-voltage network automation and smart metering (Barbato et al, 2018). The former one is mainly focused on improving the quality of service, studying and deploying fault location, and isolation and service restoration systems, while the latter has been addressed to improve the customer relationship management, promote the customer awareness, and enable new smart home ser- vices. In most cases, the deep investigation of the low- voltage (LV) network has been left disregarded, even if it represents the asset bridging the high- and medium- voltage levels up to final customers.
The LV network segment is probably the most affected one by international regulatory changes that are promoting renewable energy sources, as a way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, diversify the energy supply, diminish the dependence on imported fuels and, in general, allow the transition to more sustainable energy paradigms (Hayes et al, 2016). Thus, monitoring the real operating conditions of the LV networks in terms of power flows, phase unbalances, voltage levels, and other power quality indicators becomes essential to efficiently operate these kinds of networks. In terms of effectively managing the LV distribution network and the challenges presented by both electricity losses and renew- able technologies, electric distribution companies need access to accurate, timely data and actionable information.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
The efficient use of electric energy imposes the need for the introduction of efficient mechanisms for the optimal use of available electric energy. The electricity distribution system includes a complex power supply network in the form of an electrical grid which consists of a huge number of power lines and devices. It has been discovered that the major causes of distribution network failure is low system monitoring. Monitoring and control of such complex network represents a major challenge in the daily work of companies for electricity distribution and power supply. These companies have realized that information gathered from sensors and specialized measuring devices are gaining more and more importance in creating successful business plans. The efficient use of data provided from sensors and measuring devices can lead to reducing costs and delivering better services to the customers. If electricity distribution companies ensure that the data obtained from the sensors is exploited together with the data from other information systems, they will improve the quality of data and consequently the quality of decisions they make.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTTIVES OF THE STUDY
The purpose of these systems is to monitor different LV distribution network segments. The objectives of the study are:
- To increase the rate of power supply
- To reduce transformer failure rate
- To use sensors to collect data of distribution centre
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This work describes the LV monitoring system developed for Electric Power Industry to monitor electricity distribution. The developed system measures, communicates and stores real-time data, and translates it into actionable information needed by power distribution companies to meet described challenges regarding LV distribution networks. Different sensors have been used to collect near real-time data (among which are current, voltage, power, and energy values) about low-voltage (LV) electrical substations in a distribution network. The data collected by this system is transmitted to its data center, where it is analyzed and presented as situational analysis of the LV distribution network conditions.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE O F THE STUDY
This study will serve a tools for providing daily load profiles and voltage level data to help a company create plans for ‘‘stress points,’’ energy losses in the network and maintain statutory voltage levels.
1.6 BENEFIT OF MONITORING AND CONTROLLING AT THE LV NETWORK
Monitoring at the low-voltage (LV) level provides Electricity Distribution Businesses with data that can identify issues and assist with planning, design and control of LV networks. The efficient use of monitoring data can reduce costs, optimise investment, and improve customer service and safety.
• Monitoring provides visibility so electricity distribution companies can determine if the networks are performing within capability and are able to operate within regulatory limits. Monitoring data can inform actions that optimise network utilisation and reduce line losses.
• Measuring power quality in LV networks makes it possible to address issues as they are identified. Improved power quality reduces losses and thereby enhances the effective capacity in the networks so capital expense of additional network capacity can be avoided.
• Monitoring will provide data that could identify unknown issues and support new approaches to network and asset management.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "monitoring and control of low voltage network" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "monitoring and control of low voltage network" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "monitoring and control of low voltage network" was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "monitoring and control of low voltage network" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "monitoring and control of low voltage network" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "monitoring and control of low voltage network" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "monitoring and control of low voltage network" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of design and construction of a "monitoring and control of low voltage network" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "monitoring and control of low voltage network" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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