A temporary over voltage is an oscillatory phase to ground or phase to phase over voltage that is relatively long duration and is undamped or only weakly damped. Temporary over voltages usually originate from faults, sudden charge of load, Ferranti effect, linear resonance, ferroresonance, open conductor, induced resonance from coupled circuits and so forth. The steady voltage at the open end of an uncompensated transmission line is always higher than the voltage at the sending end. This phenomenon is known as the Ferranti effect. This paper presents a study of Ferranti effect in electrical transmission line. The study is based on both software and hardware. The MATLAB program gives the locus of sending end voltage with line length which shows that receiving end voltage is greater than sending end voltage. From the experiment with transmission line simulator the values of three phase voltages at sending end and receiving end were found which proves  the Ferranti effect. These two methods were used to give the idea about the Ferranti effect.

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1      AIM OF THE STUDY

1. DEFINITION OF FERRANTI EFFECT
2. OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
3. CAUSES OF FERRANTI EFFECT
4. SCOPE OF THE STUDY
5. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
6. RESEARCH QUESTIONS

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

1. REVIEW OF THE STUDY
2. TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS
3. DESCRIPTION OF SHUNT REACTORS
4. DESIGN AND OPERATION OF SHUNT REACTORS

CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY

1. MODEL OF TRANSMISSION LINE
2. THEORY OF THE STUDY
3. RESEARCH METHOD

CHAPTER FOUR
TESTING AND RESULTS

1. RESULTS OF THE FERRANTI EFFECT
2. EQUATIONS
3. FERRANTI EFFECT RESULT
4. FAULT SIMULATION
5. HOW TO REDUCE FERRANTI EFFECT IN TRANSMISSION LINE

CHAPTER FIVE

1. CONCLUSION
2. REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE
1.0                                                        INTRODUCTION
There are many factors affecting temporary over voltages that may be considered in insulation. The ferranti effect is an phenomenon where the steady voltage at the open end of an uncompensated transmission line is always higher than the voltage at the sending end. It occurs as a result of the capacitive charging current flowing through the inductance of the line and resulting over voltage increases according to the increase in line length [1].
Traditionally the most accurate transmission line models have been based on a constant transformation matrix with frequency dependent modes. This type of model may give satisfactory results for situations involving high frequency transients, but the accuracy often deteriorates in the low frequency area due to frequency dependency of the transformation matrix [2].
In long transmission lines, the most important factors which affect the power frequency voltages on the line during normal operation and the increase in voltages during a fault are the length of the line and the degree of shunt compensation. Both parameters have a major indirect influence on the transient phenomena connected with the initiation or clearing of a fault, as well as with normal switching operations [3].
The ferranti effect describes the strange phenomenon that under certain conditions of frequency and line length a voltage increase may be observed at an open ended transmission line relative to a sinusoidal input voltage. The effect was discovered at the end of the 19th century during the installation of an ac based distribution systems in Great Britain. In fact this was during the ‘ war of currents’ raging in the US between Westinghouse with Nikola Tesla as main driver and Thomas Edison. The former were the proponent of an ac system whereas Edison mainly commercially motivated proposed a dc system. In the UK it was Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti, who as an ardent defender of ac systems – installed an ac distribution system with intermediate voltage levels and remote step down transformers. This was basically the forerunner of the systems used to date. On one installation of an ac transmission system Ferranti observed alerted by his installers that by adding additional distribution sections, i.e by increasing the total length of the transmission line, the voltage on the line increased locally. In fact they observed first on the Deptford - london line that the luminosity of some carbon fibre lamps increased, when they attached an additional distribution section. In this case it should be noted that they had a load of only a couple of low power bulbs while having an effective generator power exceeding slightly 935 kW. Thus Ferranti had in fact approximately an open ended transmission line. As a result today the ferranti effect is well known in the field of power transmission over long distances at relatively low frequencies[4].
Reactive power is a very imporant quantity in electric power systems since it affects the efficiency of these systems. Also capacitive loads can produce over voltage in electric transformers by Ferranti effect which produces bad power quality, so it is necessary to measure the reactive power correctly [5].
Shunt inductive compensation is used either when charging the transmission line or when there is very low load at the receiving end.Due to very low or no load, very low current flows through the transmission line.Shunt capacitance in the transmission line causes voltage amplification ( Ferranti effect).The receiving end voltage may become double the sending end voltage ( generally in case of very long transmission lines).To compensate in the case of no loss line, voltage magnitude at receiving end is the same as voltage magnitude at sending end : Vs = Vr =V.Transmission results in a phase lag δ that depends on line reactance X. Shunt reactors are connected across the transmission lines [6].
This paper presents knowledge both from software and hardware point of view about the Ferranti effect. From this knowledge some practical rules can be derived.

1.1                       DEFINITION OF FERRANTI EFFECT
The effect in which the voltage at the receiving end of the transmission line is more than the sending voltage is known as the Ferranti effect. Such type of effect mainly occurs because of light load or open circuit at the receiving end.
Ferranti effect is due to the charging current of the line. When an alternating voltage is applied, the current that flows into the capacitor is called charging current. A charging current is also known as capacitive current. The charging current increases in the line when the receiving end voltage of the line is larger than the sending end.

1.2                            OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The objective of this work is to give simple idea about the Ferranti effect which can cause over voltages in transmission line.

1.3                                       CAUSES OF FERRANTI EFFECT

Ferranti effect mainly occurs due to the charging current, and couples with the line capacitance. In addition, the following parameters must be noticed.
Capacitance depends on composition and length of a line. In capacitance, cables have more capacitance than bare conductor per length. Whereas in line length, long lines have higher capacitance than short lines.
Charging current turns into more important as load current decreases, and it Increases with the voltage of the system given the similar capacitive charge.
As a result, the Ferranti effect happens only for long lightly loaded or open-circuited energized lines. In addition, the fact becomes clearer with higher applied voltage and underground cables.

1.4                                    SCOPE OF THE STUDY
In electrical engineering, the Ferranti effect is an increase in voltage occurring at the receiving end of a long transmission line, above the voltage at the sending end. This occurs when the line is energized, but there is a very light load or the load is disconnected. The capacitive line charging current produces a voltage drop across the line inductance that is in-phase with the sending-end voltage, assuming negligible line resistance. Therefore, both line inductance and capacitance are responsible for this phenomenon.
The Ferranti Effect will be more pronounced the longer the line and the higher the voltage applied.[2] The relative voltage rise is proportional to the square of the line length and the square of frequency.[3]
The Ferranti effect is much more pronounced in underground cables, even in short lengths, because of their high capacitance.

1.5                                           SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Electrical devices are designed to work at some particular voltage. If the voltages are high at the user ends their equipment get damaged, and their windings burn because of high voltage. Ferranti effect on long transmission lines at low load or no load increases the receiving end voltage.

1.6                                                  RESEARCH QUESTIONS
At the end of this work, students involved shall be able to answer the following question:
1. Ferranti effect is not a problem for ________
2. What happens during the Ferranti effect?
3. During Ferranti effect the voltage drop across line resistance ___________
4. A transmission line of 200 Km is supplying at 50Hz frequency. What is the percentage rise in voltage at receiving end?
5. What is the name of equipment that can reduce Ferranti effect?
6. Under no load condition inductance of line predominant the line to earth capacitances.
a) True?
b) False?
7. What is the limit within which the consumer’s end terminal voltage should be maintained?
8. What is the main reason for maintaining consumer end voltage within prescribed limit?
9. Which of the following equipment is not used for voltage control?

10. What is the full form of AVR? This term is related to voltage control?

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