PARASITIC CONTAMINATION OF FISHES PURCHASED FROM WUDIL RIVER FISHING COMMUNITY, WUDIL KANO STATE
USER'S INSTRUCTIONS: The project work you are about to view is on ''parasitic contamination of fishes purchased from wudil river fishing community, wudil kano state'' .Please, sit back and study the below research material carefully. This project topic ''parasitic contamination of fishes purchased from wudil river fishing community, wudil kano state'' have complete 5(five) Chapters. The complete Project Material/writeup include: Abstract + Introduction + etc + Literature Review + methodology + etc + Conclusion + Recommendation + References/Bibliography.Our aim of providing this ''parasitic contamination of fishes purchased from wudil river fishing community, wudil kano state'' project research material is to reduce the stress of moving from one school library to another all in the name of searching for ''parasitic contamination of fishes purchased from wudil river fishing community, wudil kano state'' research materials. We are not encouraging any form of plagiarism. This service is legal because, all institutions permit their students to read previous projects, books, articles or papers while developing their own works.
TITLE PAGE
BY
---
--/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work ''parasitic contamination of fishes purchased from wudil river fishing community, wudil kano state'' by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
By
--- . ---
Supervisor Head of Department.
Signature………………. Signature……………….
……………………………….
---
External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION: This work ''parasitic contamination of fishes purchased from wudil river fishing community, wudil kano state'' research material is a complete and well researched project material strictly for academic purposes, which has been approved by different Lecturers from different higher institutions. We made Preliminary pages, Abstract and Chapter one of ''parasitic contamination of fishes purchased from wudil river fishing community, wudil kano state'' visible for everyone, then the complete material on ''parasitic contamination of fishes purchased from wudil river fishing community, wudil kano state'' is to be ordered for. Happy viewing!!!
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Fish is very important to human populace in trade and economy; it is of importance in the diet of different countries, especially in the tropics and subtropics where malnutrition is a major problem (Aluneet a.,2016). As the human population inevitably increases, the demand for fish as source of protein also grows. In recent times, there has been tremendous increase in the development of fish farming and culture attributed to the increased need for affordable animal protein, especially in the tropics (Davies et al., 2016). Therefore, catfishes of the family Clariidae are increasingly being used for freshwater aquaculture in Africa, owing to several favourable cultural characteristics.
A parasite is an organism that lives in or on another larger organism of a different species (the host), upon which it depends for food. Although the parasite benefits from the association, the host is harmed. Depending on the species, the host/parasite relationship may be temporary or permanent. Bacteria and viruses are classified as parasites in some branches of biology. Fishes are subject to a wide variety of diseases including bacteria, fungi and miscellaneous parasites. Broken head disease with a symptom of skeletal deformities (lardosis and scoliosis) makes fish suddenly stop feeding, becomes lethargic and dies with swollen weak tissues on both sides of the head, usually observed on fish >10 cm, dead fish exhibit thick and curved skulls. Parasitic infection and diseases are some of the factors hindering high productivity in fish farming (Kayis et al. 2019). The majority of the fish parasites which cause disease in fish include protozoan parasites. Typically, these parasites are present in large numbers either on the surface of the fish, within the gills, or both. When they are present in the gills, they cause problems with respiration, and death will commonly occur when additional stressors are present in the aquatic environment. Protozoan parasites on the skin, fins or scales only (i.e., not affecting the gills) usually do not result in death unless they are accompanied by a secondary bacterial infection. According to Klinger and Francis (2010), protozoa are a vast assemblage of eukaryotic organisms, and most of the commonly encountered fish parasites are protozoa, which with practice are the easiest to identify and easiest to control. In general, protozoa are one of the major fish parasites that have been long neglected because of the inherent difficulty in studying compared to other larger parasites. Among protozoa, ecto and endo parasitic protozoa occupy a very important sector as one of the hazardous threats to fish health.
These parasites attack the fish, causing massive destruction of skin and gill epithelium. Even moderate infection of these organisms on small fish may prove a fatal disease, since the infection may cause the fish to stop feeding.
Parasites are capable of causing harm to the fish host notwithstanding the sp., either through injury to the tissues or organs in the process of burrowing or consuming food or the removal of digested food in the gut of the fish as well as the secretion of proteolytic enzymes. Parasites generally don't kill their hosts (it is a dumb parasite that kills its free lunch), but some can severely stress fish populations to the point of becoming biological and economical concerns. Parasites have a stake in the survival of their host. Sometimes, when parasites are numerous or the fish is stressed from another cause, the fish will die. Parasites can weaken a fish by destroying tissue, removing blood and cellular fluids, diverting part of its nutrient supply and allowing secondary infections to develop.
Fish parasites result in economic losses not only mortality, but also from treatment expenses, growth reduction during and after outbreak of disease and this militates against expansion of aquaculture. Protozoan parasites cause serious losses in fishponds and wild in Nigeria, and their lesions render the fish unmarketable. Fish carrying protozoa parasites are capable of passing on the infective disease to man after its consumption. Protozoa are common tropical freshwater fish parasites that affect public health and cause losses to fishes, hence its choice for this study. One of the scientific importance of identifying a fish properly is to tell to some extent the health condition of the fish, and certain parasitic infections present with some symptoms that bear on the external treatment of the fish (Schmitt and Dethloff, 2010).
Some fish parasites would develop in humans if the fish is eaten raw, but none would be harmful if the fish is thoroughly cooked. All reports of people being infested with fish parasites were because of ingestion of raw fish or insufficiently cooked fish (hubs et al., 2011). Most fish, especially in the wild population, are likely to be infested with parasites, but in the great majority of cases, no significant harm to the host may be encountered or identified; thus, there are only few reports of parasites causing mortality or serious damage to the fish populations, but this may be largely because such effects go unnoticed (Robert, 2011).
The study revealed that bacterial infections as well as parasitic ectoprotozoans, cestodes, trematodes, nematodes, polychaetes and crustaceans are the most prevalent problems in African freshwater, the wild, brackish water and marine aquaculture. There have been isolated reports of viral diseases (infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN), lymphocystis and spring viraema). Bacterial diseases are restricted to common agents such as Aeromonas, myxobacteria and some other ubiquitous facultative bacteria. Saprolegnia is the most common problematic fungus affecting fish under culture conditions. Currently, the most widely used chemicals for prophylaxis and treatment include wide spectrum antibiotic formulations, malachite green, methylene blue, formalin/ethanol, copper sulphate, salt and several organophosphates. From an aquaculture perspective, it was noteworthy that disease and parasite infestations have been poorly studied in Africa. It is hypothesized that this is mainly due to the low-level intensity of aquaculture in the region. At present the paucity of research on fish diseases in Africa is not seen as a factor that will negatively impact on aquaculture development and in the wild, and as such is not a target research area. Africa is considered to be the sleeping giant of aquaculture, and at the present moment it is relatively disease free. It is vitally important that African countries take steps to safeguard this status. One method of accomplishing this is to restrict the importation of fishes into Africa. The importation of ornamental aquarium fish as well as hybrid and genetically improved fish strains poses the greatest threats. Early detection of fish parasites prevents more serious outbreak which may lead to fish stress and death if not treated on time. A situation that fish farmers dread. Due to economic and biological losses associated with parasites infestation, it becomes imperative to study the level of parasitism in the lakes/water bodies in which fishes live. As yet, no epidemics of endoparasites have been reported in Nigeria, it is likely that as fish culture becomes more intensive and widespread, fish parasites are likely to become a serious economic and health issues (Ikomi, 2011). As a result of this, there is need for the study of fish parasites with the aim of controlling them.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Waterborne parasitic diseases form one of common and important public health and economic problems in low- and middle-income countries, though little is known on the burden and patterns of these diseases in most regions. In addition to public health impact, waterborne diseases can have a significant impact on the economy of endemic countries and globally. While there are global concerns regarding waterborne diseases, especially in resource poor countries such as those of Africa, information on the burden and distribution of these diseases is limited. Parasites are common in most ecological systems, and all free living organisms can be potential hosts to parasites (Madanire-Moyo et al., 2010). Parasites play an important role in the ecology of aquatic ecosystems. They can cause harm to the host by tissue damage and can also make the host more susceptible to secondary infection, by weakening host immunity and subsequent economic losses resulting from fish mortality (Peek, 2012). The possibility of parasites harboring bacteria or viruses and being able to transmit them to the host organism has been reported (Lasee, 2015). There is a public health concern on some parasitic diseases which may be transmitted from fish to man through fish consumption, thereby posing health hazards to raw fish consumers(Ibiwoye, 2014). Endoparasitic diseases affect the normal health conditions and cause reduction of growth, abnormal metabolic activities and even death of affected fish, and when these affected fish is consumed raw it can imposed different diseases to the consumer. This called for the study of parasitic contamination of fishes purchased from river fishing community.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and abundance of parasitic contamination of fishes purchased from wudil river fishing Community, Wudil Kano State, Nigeria.
The objectives are:
- To present systematic scoping review summarizes prevalence and patterns of waterborne parasitic diseases of in Wudil River fishing community and global efforts to control the diseases.
- To detect the presence of parasites in fishes sold in that area.
- To study and become familiar with waterborne parasitic diseases
- To recommend appropriate measures to safeguard the possible health implications to fish consumers.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study will make the reader to understand the parasiticinfectionseffect on river fishes. This is of great significance because in manycountries, contaminated fishes are sold in markets.
This study will also throw light on the parasitic contamination occurred and how they are been contacted.
The study will also expose the reader on the need for continuous research onriver fish quality and sanitation.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of this study covers examining the prevalence of parasites in some fresh water fishes from Wudil river, reveals that species get infected based on the content and the level of toxicity of the water they live in, once the fish is infected with one diseases or the other, they show various types of symptoms depending on the type of disease.
1.7 RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY
In thecourse of carrying this study, numerous sources were used which most of them are by visiting libraries, consulting journal and news papers and online research which Google was the major source that was used.
1.8 PROJECT ORGANISATION
The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study, chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.
REFERENCES
Madanire-Moyo G, Barson M. Diversity of metazoan parasites of the African catfish Clariasgariepinus (Burchell, 1822) as indicators of pollution in a subtropical African river system. J. Helminthol. 2010;84:216-227.
Peek JL. Ectoparasites and intestinal endoparasites in channel catfish, Ictaluruspunctatus, in the blackwater river Missouri.M.Sc Thesis, University of Central Missouri.USA; 2012.
Onyedineke NE, Obi U, OfoegbuPu, Okogo I. Helminth parasites of some fresh water fish from River Niger at llushi, Edo State, Nig. J Am Sci. 2010;6(3).
LaseeBA.Introduction to fish health management. Onalaska, WI: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; 2015. 5
Ibiwoye TI, Owolabi OI, Ajala AA, Oketoki TO, Adio SM, Adedapo AP, Ajeka PO, Agbontale JJ. Helminthes Parasites in freshwater fish species from Jebba Lake and Bida Flood Plain Area of River Niger, Nigeria. Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference of the Fisheries Society of Nigeria (FISON), Calabar, 13th-17th November. 2006;13-20. Ekanem et al.; JSRR, Article no. JSRR.2014.005 816
Alune E. and Andrew G. (2016).Fishes. Cambridge University Press, London. Pp 225.
Davies O.A, Inko-Tariah M.B, and Amachree D. (2016). Growth response and Survival of Heterobranchuslongifilis fingerlings fed at different Feeding Frequencies. African Journal of Biotechnology. 5 (9): 778-780.
Kayis S, Ozcelep T, Capkin E, and Altinok I. (2019). Protozoan and metazoan Parasites of Cultured fish in Turkey and their applied Treatments. Israeli Journal of Aquaculture—Bamidgeh. 61 (2): 93-102.
Klinger R., and Francis-Floyd R. (2010). Introduction to Freshwater Parasites. Florida, USA: Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) University of Florida.
Schmitt C.J. and Dethloff editors G. M. (2010).Bilomonitoring of Environmental status and trends (BEST) program: selected methods for monitoring chemical contaminants and their effects in aquatic ecosystems. U.S. Geological Survey, Biological resources Division, Information and Technology Report USGS/BRD – 2000 – 0005 Columbia, Missouri.
Hubbs C., Edwards R.J., and Garrett G.P. (2011). An annotated checklist of Freshwater fishes of Texas, with keys to identification of species.
Roberts R.J. (2011). Fish Pathology. New York, NY, USA: Elsevier Health Sciences.
Ikomi R.B., (2016). Studies on the growth pattern, feeding habits and reproductive characteristics of the mormyridBrienomyruslongianalis (Boulenger 1901) in the upper Warri River, Nigeria.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of ''parasitic contamination of fishes purchased from wudil river fishing community, wudil kano state'' is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of ''parasitic contamination of fishes purchased from wudil river fishing community, wudil kano state'' consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on ''parasitic contamination of fishes purchased from wudil river fishing community, wudil kano state'' was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of ''parasitic contamination of fishes purchased from wudil river fishing community, wudil kano state'' is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of ''parasitic contamination of fishes purchased from wudil river fishing community, wudil kano state'' detector consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of ''parasitic contamination of fishes purchased from wudil river fishing community, wudil kano state'' is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of ''parasitic contamination of fishes purchased from wudil river fishing community, wudil kano state'' detector consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of ''parasitic contamination of fishes purchased from wudil river fishing community, wudil kano state'' is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of ''parasitic contamination of fishes purchased from wudil river fishing community, wudil kano state'' detector consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
To "DOWNLOAD" the complete material on this particular topic above click "HERE"
Do you want our Bank Accounts? please click HERE
To view other related topics click HERE
To "SUMMIT" new topic(s), develop a new topic OR you did not see your topic on our site but want to confirm the availiability of your topic click HERE
Do you want us to research your new topic? if yes, click "HERE"
Do you have any question concerning our post/services? click HERE for answers to your questions
For more information contact us through any of the following means:
Mobile No 
:+2348146561114 or +2347015391124 [Mr. Innocent]
Email address 
:engr4project@gmail.com
Watsapp No 
:+2348146561114
COUNTRIES THAT FOUND OUR SERVICES USEFUL
Australia, Botswana, Canada, Europe, Ghana, Ireland, India, Kenya, Liberia, Malaysia, Namibia, New Zealand, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Uganda, United States, United Kindom, Zambia, Zimbabwe, etc
Support: +234 8146561114 or +2347015391124
Watsapp No :+2348146561114
Email Address :engr4project@gmail.com
FOLLOW / VISIT US VIA:
