PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF MITIGATION TECHNIQUE FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE BETWEEN FM BAND BROADCASTING SERVICE AND DIGITAL VIDEO BROADCASTING TERRESTRIAL (DVD_T)
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Electromagnetic interference (EMI) in communication systems is one of the major challenges which face the communication sector and is mainly caused by unwanted signals which can be characterized as noise. Due to this during communication system design stages, implementation phase and operation of communication link Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) measures are of great importance. EMC analysis provides important information for communication system designers, planners and operators which facilitate coexistence of different communication systems. In past few years there is an increase in number of Frequency Modulation (FM) broadcasting radio stations in Tanzania which operates in frequency band adjacent to aeronautical communication facilities. The FM broadcasting stations causes interference to the Digital video broadcasting terrestrial (DVD_T) systems hence posing a great disturbance to the system. This is mainly due to unavailability of guard band between the two systems and high power radiated by FM band broadcasting service and Digital video broadcasting terrestrial (DVD_T) broadcasting stations. This paper addresses interference and analyzes the interference mechanism for each interference case. To facilitate this field measurement and mitigation measures which will ensure compatibility are proposed. In paper we have proposed the use of corner plate antenna to mitigate interference caused by FM band broadcasting service and Digital video broadcasting terrestrial (DVD_T) broadcasting systems.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
- STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
- AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
- SCOPE OF THE STUDY
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
- DEFINITION OF TERMS
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 DIGITAL VIDEO BROADCAST - TERRESTRIAL
2.2 FM BROADCASTING
2.3 ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE (EMI)
2.4 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
2.5 REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE MECHANISM
3.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE MITIGATION MEASURES AND TECHNIQUES
3.3 IMPEDANCE MATCHING AND VOLTAGE STANDING WAVE RATIO
CHAPTER FOUR
- OBSERVATION AND DISCUSSION
4.1 NATURE OF INTERFERENCE IN FM BAND BROADCASTING SERVICE AND DIGITAL VIDEO BROADCASTING TERRESTRIAL (DVD_T) SYSTEM
4.2 SIGNAL MEASUREMENT
4.3 GROUND TO AIR FACILITY
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
5.1 CONCLUSION
5.2 FUTURE WORK
- CONCLUSIONS
5.2 REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Electronic wireless communication is transmitted with the use of Electromagnetic Frequency Spectrum (Goldsmith, 2006). It is a unique natural resource shared by various types of services which is free from depletion but subject to congestion through use. It has facilitated a sequence of revolutions in human communication. Although, if left unplanned, spectrum congestion can lead to harmful interference and hinder users from getting the best these services have to offer. Traditionally, spectrum band is allocated relatively over a long period of time for the use of a license operator. The use of radio spectrum in each country is nationally regulated by assigned government agency which is responsible for allocating spectrum bands to operators. In Nigeria, the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC) is responsible for allocation of spectrum (Aibinu et al., 2015). This approach is termed the Fixed Spectrum Allocation (FSA) scheme. With this, the radio spectrum is split into bands and allocated on absolute basis to distinct technology based services, e.g. mobile telephony, radio and TV broadcast services. In this work we are going to consider radio and TV broadcast services which are FM broadcast and Digital Video Broadcast.
The FM radio band is from 88 to 108 MHz; FM broadcasting is a method of radio broadcasting using frequency modulation. frequency modulation (FM) of the radio broadcast carrier wave was in 1933 by American engineer Edwin Armstrong, wide-band FM is used worldwide to transmit high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio. FM broadcasting offers higher fidelity—more accurate reproduction of the original program sound. Worldwide, the FM broadcast band falls within the VHF portion of the radio spectrum. 87.5 to 108.0 MHz (Aibinu et al., 2015).
Digital Video Broadcasting is a common standard for digital television and video used in many parts of the world. DVB standards include DVB-T for terrestrial television, DVB-C for cable television, and DVB-S for satellite television. Terrestrial digital TV broadcasting is a enables the viewer to receive higher quality video and audio signals than conventional analog TV, with no ghost images and no noise (Akbar et al., 2017).
Digital Video Broadcasting – Terrestrial (DVB-T) is a standard set in 1997 and put into use in 1998 for the transmission of digital terrestrial television (DTT). DVB-T is able to transmit different kinds of data, including compressed digital information, digital audio, digital video, Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) and other data with codec modulation. DVB-T provides an advanced method of transmission compared to the previous analog transmission.
Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is the major factor that affects both FM band broadcasting service and digital video broadcasting – terrestrial. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is a disturbance generated by an external source that affects an electrical circuit. This disturbance may degrade the performance of the circuit or even stop it from functioning. In the case of a data path, these effects can range from an increase in error rate to a total loss of the data (Akbar et al., 2017).
EMI in communication systems is mainly caused by unwanted voltages or current which affect the performance of communication system (Akyildiz et al., 2017) and manifested as noise. Different sources of EMI have been identified but mainly can be categorized into two which are due to natural sources like lightning, electrostatic discharge, atmospheric effects, sunspot activity, and reflections from the rough Earth surface or man-made sources such as industrial activity, high tension electric cables, radar, high power broadcasting transmitters (Akyildiz et al., 2017).
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
A means of providing radio broadcasting services by using Frequency Modulation (FM) technique is called FM Broadcasting. Digital Video Broadcasting – Terrestrial (DVB-T) is a broadcasting service that is able to transmit different kinds of data, including compressed digital information, digital audio, digital video, Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) and other data with codec modulation. DVB-T provides an advanced method of transmission compared to the previous analog transmission. This services need to be offered under frequency interference free environment for ensuring quality receptions. However, different studies have shown that there exist frequency interferences on these services which are caused by Frequency Modulation (FM) and digital video broadcasting – terrestrial (DVB-T). Electromagnetic interference on both system causes degraded performance, disruption in communications and noise to the receivers (Akyildiz et al., 2017).
Electromagnetic interference (EMI) in communication systems is one of the major challenges which face the communication sector and is mainly caused by unwanted signals which can be characterized as noise. Due to this during communication system design stages, implementation phase and operation of communication link Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) measures are of great importance.
In other to solve this problem, there is need for mitigation measures. Mitigation measures or techniques involve process for making design changes or adjustments of the signal or noise levels in order to achieve electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) are of greater importance [6]. Performances of different electromagnetic interference (EMI) mitigation techniques were analyzed in this work.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The aim of the study is to carry out the performance analysis of mitigation technique for electromagnetic interference between FM band broadcasting service and Digital video broadcasting terrestrial (DVD_T).
The objectives of this work are:
- To analyze different mitigation techniques
- To determine performance analysis of different EMI mitigation techniques was based on Signal – to – Interference-plus – Noise Ratio (SINR) metric as a criterion.
- To improve FM band broadcast service and digital video broadcasting terrestrial signals
- To make recommendations on how FM band broadcast service and digital video broadcasting terrestrial signals can be improved.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of this work covers the performance analysis of mitigation technique for electromagnetic interferance between FM band broadcasting service and Digital video broadcasting terrestrial (DVD_T).
Performances of different Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) mitigation techniques were analyzed by simulation method using Python, a high level multipurpose programming language. Performance analysis of different EMI mitigation techniques was based on Signal – to – Interference-plus – Noise Ratio (SINR) metric as a criterion.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study will provide a means of having a deep knowledge of FM band broadcasting service and Digital video broadcasting terrestrial (DVD_T).
This study will serve as a means of understanding the effect of electromagnetic interferance on broadcasting services.
Hundreds of urban centers across the nation are already deploying wireless broadcasting service which provides broadband access to residents. Mitigating interference could increase the quality of service. More so, it will enhance public safety communication; that is to say that public agencies can have access to spectrum in transmission band; this would improve the capacity and quality of their networks, as well as facilitate their expanded use for consumer services.
This study will serve as means of providing adequate protection to the broadcasting service and the primary users, taking into account current technologies. This dissertation shall extend into employing geolocation with access to database and multiagents, which shall help record valid information about the available frequencies.
1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS
FM broadcasting: This is a method of radio broadcasting using frequency modulation (FM). FM broadcasting offers higher fidelity, or more accurate reproduction of the original program audio. It's also less susceptible to common forms of interference. FM is therefore used for most music and general audio (within the audio spectrum) broadcasts. FM radio stations use radio frequencies in the very high frequency range.
Digital Video Broadcasting - Terrestrial: DVB-T is able to transmit different kinds of data, including compressed digital information, digital audio, digital video, Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) and other data with codec modulation. DVB-T provides an advanced method of transmission compared to the previous analog transmission.
Electromagnetic interference (EMI): This is a disturbance generated by an external source that affects an electrical circuit by electromagnetic induction, electrostatic coupling, or conduction. The disturbance may degrade the performance of the circuit or even stop it from functioning.
Broadcast Band: A broadcast band is a segment of the radio spectrum used for broadcasting. broadcast band.
Frequency Modulation, or FM: This is a type of modulation that conveys information by varying the frequency of a carrier wave.
Bandwidth: The bandwidth of an FM transmission is the sum of twice the maximum deviation and twice the maximum modulation frequency. For a transmission with RDS, this would be 2x75kHz + 2x60kHz = 270 kHz. This is also called the desired bandwidth.
CHAPTER FIVE
Conclusion and Future Work
- Conclusion
After analysis of different sources of electromagnetic interferences, FM band broadcasting service and Digital video broadcasting terrestrial (DVD_T) station have been observed to be the main source of interference to communication systems in Nigeria. Mechanism which transfers electromagnetic energy to victim from the FM broadcasting transmitter as the source is through third order intermodulation product. Different migration measures and techniques which have been suggested by ITU, on this research we have proposed the use of corner plate antenna to mitigate interference caused by FM broadcasting systems. Corner reflector antenna have good front to back ratio which will facilitate in decreasing amount of interfering signal power. This has been proposed due to considerations made on the nature of interference which have been observed to be caused third order intermodulation products from FM broadcasting radios. This will be done so as ensure systems operate in its intended operational environment without suffering unacceptable degradation and without causing un- intentional degradation to the environment.
5.3 Future Work
Work to be done include analysis of the measured data and comparing with minimum threshold levels, also establishing radio propagation model which predict propagation of FM broadcasting radio signal. After that design of corner plate antenna which will be used as a mitigation measure due to its good forward to back ratio radiation pattern compared to dipole antenna which are used by FM band broadcasting service and Digital video broadcasting terrestrial (DVD_T) system will follow. Simulation of this antenna radiation will be compared with the minimum threshold values which have been set as limit in order to arrive to the conclusion and give possible recommendations to mitigate interference.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of"performance analysis of mitigation technique for electromagnetic interference between fm band broadcasting service and digital video broadcasting terrestrial (dvd_t)"is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of"performance analysis of mitigation technique for electromagnetic interference between fm band broadcasting service and digital video broadcasting terrestrial (dvd_t)"consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on"performance analysis of mitigation technique for electromagnetic interference between fm band broadcasting service and digital video broadcasting terrestrial (dvd_t)"was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of"performance analysis of mitigation technique for electromagnetic interference between fm band broadcasting service and digital video broadcasting terrestrial (dvd_t)"is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of"performance analysis of mitigation technique for electromagnetic interference between fm band broadcasting service and digital video broadcasting terrestrial (dvd_t)"consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of"performance analysis of mitigation technique for electromagnetic interference between fm band broadcasting service and digital video broadcasting terrestrial (dvd_t)"is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of"performance analysis of mitigation technique for electromagnetic interference between fm band broadcasting service and digital video broadcasting terrestrial (dvd_t)" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of"performance analysis of mitigation technique for electromagnetic interference between fm band broadcasting service and digital video broadcasting terrestrial (dvd_t)" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of"performance analysis of mitigation technique for electromagnetic interference between fm band broadcasting service and digital video broadcasting terrestrial (dvd_t)" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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