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TITLE PAGE
PREFORMANCE EVALUATION AND THERMOECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF A GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT
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DECEMBER,2018
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In this study, thermo economic (thermo economic) analysis and performance evaluation of selected gas turbine power plants in Nigeria were carried out. The study was conducted using operating data obtained from the power plants to determine the exergy efficiency, exergy destruction, unit cost of electricity and cost of exergy destruction of the major components of a gas turbine engine in the selected power plants. The results of exergy analysis confirmed that the combustion chamber is the most exergy destructive component compared to other cycle components as expected. The total efficiency defects and overall exergetic efficiency of the selected power plants vary from 38.64 to 69.33% and 15.66 to 30.72% respectively. The exergy analysis further shows that the exergy improvement potential of the selected plants varies from 54.04 MW to 159.88 MW. The component with the highest exergy improvement potential is the combustion chamber and its value varies from 30.21 MW to 88.86 MW. The results of thermoeconomic analysis show that the combustion chamber has the greatest cost of exergy destruction compared to other components. Increasing the gas turbine inlet temperature (GTIT), both the exergy destruction and the cost of exergy destruction of this component were found to decrease. The results of this study revealed that an increase in the GTIT of about 200 K can lead to a reduction of about 29% in the cost of exergy destruction.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
- AIM OF THE STUDY
- OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
- SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
- METHODOLOGY
- DEFINITION OF TERMS
- PROJECT ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- INTRODUCTION
- OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY
- REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES
- GAS TURBINE FOR POWER GENERATION
- WORKING PRINCIPLE OF GAS TURBINES
- GAS TURBINE PERFORMANCE
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
- INTRODUCTION
- SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
- MODELING AND SIMULATION OF GT POWER PLANT
- BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
- THE THERMOECONOMIC (EXERGOECONOMIC) MODEL
- ESTIMATION OF GT EXERGY COSTING
- THERMOECONOMIC VARIABLES FOR GT COMPONENTS EVALUATION
CHAPTER FOUR
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- RESULTS OF EXERGY ANALYSIS
- EXERGY IMPROVEMENT POTENTIAL
- RESULTS OF THERMOECONOMIC (EXERGOECONOMIC)
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION
- RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The importance of developing thermal systems that effectively use energy resources such as natural gas is apparent. Effective use of energy resources is determined with both the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Energy cannot be destroyed. The idea that something can be destroyed is useful in the analysis of thermal power systems (Goodarzian and Shobi, 2010). This idea does not apply to energy, however, but to exergy.
Exergoeconomics (Thermoeconomics) is the branch of power engineering that, by means of the combined application of the first and second laws of thermodynamics (exergy analysis) and economics, allows the attainment of results otherwise impossible through traditional thermodynamic and economic analysis (Querol et al., 2013). Exergy is taken as a rational basis for economic cost allocation between the resources and products involved in thermal power plant processes and for the economic evaluation of their thermodynamic imperfections.
The exergy analysis of thermomechanical conversion plants aims to characterize how the fuel exergy is used and destroyed in the energy conversion processes that take place in these plants. Exergy is based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics, and combines the principles of conservation of energy and non-conservation of entropy. The essence of exergy analysis is primarily for optimization. If properly done it reveals where in the plant the largest energy wastage occurs and therefore the need for design improvements (Rosen,
2009; Ofodu and Abam, 2002).
The needs to evaluate the cost production process in a thermal power plant (gas turbine or steam turbine power plant) can be rationally conducted if the exergy of the product of the plant (i.e electricity generated) is taken as the value basis. This is an interesting application of thermoeconomic concepts to evaluate and allocate the cost of exergy throughout the power plant energy conversion processes, considering costs related to exergy inputs and investment in equipment.
Thermoeconomic combines exergy analysis with conventional cost analysis in order to evaluate and optimize the performance of energy systems (Seyyedi et al., 2010). Thermoeconomic is a tool used not only to evaluate the cost of inefficiencies or the costs of individual process streams (including intermediate and final products) but also to improve overall system efficiency and lower life cycle costs of a thermodynamic system. Thermoeconomic analysis allows evaluation of cost incurred by irreversibility, which may include the capital cost and operating cost of each component of energy conversion systems (Leonardo et al., 2005; Ibrahim et al., 2001). A complete thermoeconomic analysis consists of (a) an exergetic analysis, (b) an economic analysis, and (c) an exergoeconomic evaluation.
A number of studies on exergy and thermoeconomic analyses of thermal power plants have been carried out by several researchers. Among these studies include but not limited to the following: Aras and Balli (2008) carried out an thermoeconomic analysis of a combined heat and power system with the micro gas turbine. In the study, quantitative balances of the exergy and exergy cost for each component and for the whole system were carefully considered, while exergy consumption and cost generation within the system were determined. The results of the study showed that the exergetic efficiency of the MGTCHP system was 35.80% with 123 kW (as 99.15 kW-electrical power and 24.46 kW-hot water@363.15 K). The thermoeconomic analysis results showed that the unit exergy cost of electrical power and hot water produced by the MGTCHP system were accounted as 26.808 €(GW)-1 and 7.737 €(GW)-1, respectively. thermoeconomic Optimization of Gas Turbine Power Plants Operating Parameters Using Genetic Algorithms: A Case Study was investigated by Gorji-Bandpy and Goodarzian (2011). The results of the study showed that the cost of final product is 9.78% lower with respect to the base case. This is achieved with 8.77% increase in total capital investment. Also thermoeconomic analysis and evaluation were performed for the gas turbine power plant. The results showed the deep relation of the unit cost on the change of the operating parameters. Gorji- Bandpy and Ebrahimian (2006), investigated exergoeconomic analysis of a gas turbine power plant in Iran. Monetary evaluations of various exergy costs were obtained by solving a set of equations. A comparison analysis between typical exergy-costing methodologies was also evaluated. The authors concluded that the modified productive structure analysis (MOPSA) is the best method for estimate the unit cost of electricity produced from gas turbines.
Most of the past studies on exergy and thermoeconomic analyses of gas turbine plants were based on a single gas turbine unit. In the present work, exergy and thermoeconomic analyses are performed on eleven (11) gas turbine units at three different stations in Nigeria.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
The present world energy scenario exhibits that most of the energy requirements are met by fossil fuels which cannot be newly formed at any significant rate; the present stocks are therefore finite. Also these fossil fuels are not environmental friendly and emits significant amount of pollutants causing serious environmental issues, such as global warming, ozone layer depletion, and climate change [Park, 2014]. Awareness of limited hydrocarbon resources, performance and economic concerns, and ever-increasing demand for electricity necessitates the design of optimal gas turbine (GT) power plants in terms of technical and cost aspects [Mousafarash,2014].
Thermodynamic and thermoeconomic analysis of thermal systems is the solution for design and optimization purposes is essential for effective utilization of limited available fossil fuel. In this regard, there are two essential tools available, such as energy analysis and exergy analysis [Mitrovic, 2010]. The most commonly used method for analysis of the energy conversion process is the first law of thermodynamics (energy analysis). However, there is increasing interest in combined utilization of the first and second laws, using such concepts as exergy and exergy destructions in order to evaluate the efficiency with which the available energy is consumed [Aljundi, I, 2009]. So, by analyzing the exergy of different energy forms, we can reduce the wastage of energy and utilize it in a more efficient way thus making it available for future use.
1.3 AIM OF THE STUDY
The main aim of this study is to present the thermodynamic analysis of the design and performance of selected gas turbine power plants using the first and second laws of thermodynamics concepts.
1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
At the end of this work this study shall achieve the following prime objectives:
- To evaluate the performance of the selected gas turbine power plants by analyzing the exergetic parameters of each component based on the actual operational data.
- To establish exergy consumption and destruction in the same components of the gas turbine power plants using the second law of thermodynamics.
- To identify the most significant source(s) of exergy destruction in the power plants and the location(s) of occurrence.
- To evaluate exergoeconomic performance of the selected gas turbine power plants in Nigeria by analyzing exergetic cost parameters of each component of the power plants.
- To determine the unit cost of electricity in the selected gas turbine power plants using exergy costing analysis.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Performance evaluation and thermoeconomic analyses were conducted using operating data collected from the power plants to determine the energy loss and thermodynamic destruction of each major component of the gas turbine plant. Energy analysis showed that the combustion chamber and the turbine are the components having the highest proportion of energy loss in the plants. Energy loss in combustion chamber and turbine varied from lower to higher respectively. The thermoeconomic analysis revealed that the combustion chamber is the most thermodynamic destructive component compared to other cycle components.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The use of using thermoeconomic and exergy analysis plays an important role in developing strategies and in providing guidelines for more effective use of energy in the existing power plants. Another important issue for improving the existing power system is the origin of the exergy loss. Hence, a clear picture, instead of only the magnitude of exergy loss in each section, is required. Therefore, the exergy analysis has been widely used for the evaluation of the existing thermal power plants (TPPs) [Mitrovic, 2010]. Increasing application and recognition of the usefulness of exergy methods in power plant design and optimization have been observed and reported in a number of articles in recent years [2008]. Ofodu and Abam [2002] applied exergy concept in analyzing the performance of Afam IV TPP. The analysis was presented in the form of Sankey and Grassman diagrams, which give energy and exergy values at prescribed points in the plant.
1.7 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In the course of carrying this study, numerous sources were used which most of them are by visiting libraries, consulting journal and news papers and online research which Google was the major source that was used.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Exergy: is the energy that is available to be used. After the system and surroundings reach equilibrium, the exergy is zero. Determining exergy was also the first goal of thermodynamics.
Thermodynamics: is the branch of physics that deals with the relationships between heat and other forms of energy.
Exergoeconomic is defined as a branch of engineering that incorporates exergy analysis at the system component level into the economic laws, in order to provide useful information for the designer or operator to cost-effectively design or operate the system, while, Thermoeconomic, being a more general term.
1.9 PROJECT ORGANISATION
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